Table 1.
Anticancer activity of surfactin or surfactin-like biosurfactants against cancer cells.
| Cancer type | Cell line | Surfactin Origin | Isolation and Purification Method | Activity | Assay | Treatment Dose (h) | Normal cell line (IC50) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ehrlich ascites | Ehrlich ascites | B. natto KMD 1126 | Acidic precipitation, ethyl acetate (AcOEt) extract, sephadex G-25, sephadex LH-20, and crystallization | Cytolytic activity | Cylinder plate | – | – | Kameda and Kanatomo, 1968 |
| B. natto KMD 2311 | Acidic precipitation, AcOEt extract, sephadex G-25, sephadex LH-20, and crystallization | Cytolytic activity | Cylinder plate | – | – | Kameda et al., 1974 | ||
| Breast | MCF-7 | B. subtilis CSY 191 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, methanol (MeOH) extract, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 9.65 μM (24 h) | – | Lee et al., 2012 |
| B. subtilis natto TK-1 | Acidic precipitation, MeOH extract, TLC, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 86.2 μM (24 h), 27.3 μM (48 h), 14.8 μM (72 h) | HEK 293T (No IC50) | Cao et al., 2009 | ||
| Cell cycle arrest | Flow cytometry and western blotting (p53, p21, p34cdc2, and cyclin B1) | 27.3 μM | – | |||||
| Apoptosis induction | Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, TUNEL assay, analysis of [Ca2+]i | – | ||||||
| B. subtilis natto TK-1 | Acidic precipitation, MeOH extract, TLC, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Apoptosis induction | DCFH-DA (ROS measurement), analysis of ΔΨm, caspase-6 activity, MTT (after NAC treatment in surfactin-treated cells), and western blotting (ERK1/2, p38, and JNK) | 30 μM | – | Cao et al., 2010 | ||
| B. subtilis natto TK-1 | Acidic precipitation, MeOH extract, TLC, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 29 μM (48 h) | – | Cao et al., 2011 | ||
| Apoptosis induction | DCFH-DA (ROS measurement), analysis of [Ca2+]i, analysis of MPTP, and ΔΨm, caspase-9 activity, and western blot (cyt c) | 29 μM | ||||||
| B. subtilis | Commercially available | No growth inhibition or cytotoxicity | MT | 10 μM | – | Park et al., 2013 | ||
| Inhibition of invasion, migration, and colony formation | Wound healing, Matrigel invasion, gelatin zymography, RT-PCR western blotting (MMP-2, MMP-9, c-Jun, c-Fos, p65, and IκB-α), transient transfection, immunofluorescence, chromatin immunoprecipitation (p65 and AP-1), and dual luciferase | |||||||
| T47D | B. subtilis 573 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, demineralized water dissolution, and freeze-drying | Growth inhibition | MTS | IC50 = 93 μM (48 h) | MC-3 T3-E1 (93 μM at 72 h) | Duarte et al., 2014 | |
| Cell cycle arrest | Flow cytometry | – | ||||||
| MDA-MB-231 | B. subtilis | Commercially available | No growth inhibition or cytotoxicity | MT | 10 μM | – | Park et al., 2013 | |
| Inhibition of invasion, migration, and colony formation | Wound healing, Matrigel invasion, gelatin zymography, RT-PCR western blotting (MMP-2, MMP-9, c-Jun, c-Fos, p65, and IκB-α), transient transfection, immunofluorescence, chromatin immunoprecipitation (p65 and AP-1), and dual luciferase | |||||||
| B. subtilis 573 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, demineralized water dissolution, and freeze-drying | Growth inhibition | MTS | IC50 = 93 μM (72 h) | MC-3 T3-E1 (93 μM at 72 h) | Duarte et al., 2014 | ||
| Cell cycle arrest | Flow cytometry | 48 μM | – | |||||
| Bcap-37 | B. subtilis Hs0121 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, lyophilization, MeOH extract and C18 RP-HPLC | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 29 ± 2.4 μM (24 h) | HaCaT (97 μM at 24 h) | Liu X. et al., 2010 | |
| Apoptosis induction (fatty acid composition change) | Surface tension measurement, flow cytometry (propidium iodine staining), nuclei staining, and GC/MS (fatty acid analysis) | 12–96 μM | - | |||||
| Colon | HCT15 | B. circulans DMS-2 | Acidic precipitation, alkaline water dissolution, lyophilization, and MeOH extract, HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 77 μM (24 h) | NIH/3T3 (482 μM at 24 h) | Sivapathasekaran et al., 2010 |
| HT29 | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 116 μM (24 h) | NIH/3T3 (482 μM at 24 h) | Sivapathasekaran et al., 2010 | |||
| LoVo | B. subtilis | Commercially available | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 26 μM (48 h) | – | Kim et al., 2007 | |
| Cell cycle arrest | Flow cytometry (Annexin V/PI staining) and RT-PCR (p53, p21waf/cip1, CDK2, and cyclin E) | 30 μM | ||||||
| Apoptosis induction | RT-PCR (Fas R, Fas L, Bax) and western blotting (PARP, cleaved-caspase 3, ERK, p38, JNK, p85, and Akt) | |||||||
| Leukemia | K562 | B. subtilis natto T-2 | Acidic precipitation, MeOH extract, charcoal treatment, Pharmadex LH 20, and C18 HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 10–20 μM (24, 36 and 48 h) | – | Wang et al., 2007 |
| Cell cycle arrest | Flow cytometry and western blotting (cyclin D1, p21waf/cip1, and p27) | 7.7 μM | ||||||
| Apoptosis induction | Nuclei staining, caspase-3 activity, and western blotting (caspase-3 and PARP) | |||||||
| B. subtilis natto T-2 | Acidic precipitation, MeOH extract, charcoal treatment, Pharmadex LH 20, and C18 HPLC system | Apoptosis induction | TUNEL staining, lactate dehydrogenase measurement, analysis of [Ca2+]i and western blotting (ERK, p38, JNK, Bax, Bcl-2, cyt c, and caspase-3) | 15.4 μM | – | Wang et al., 2009 | ||
| Hepatocellular | BEL7402 | B. subtilis HSO121 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, lyophilization, MeOH extract, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 35 ± 12 μM (24 h) | HaCaT (97 μM at 24 h) | Liu X. et al., 2010 |
| HepG2 | B. natto TK-1 | Acidic precipitation, MeOH extract, TLC, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Apoptosis induction | DCFH-DA (ROS measurement) and analysis of [Ca2+]i, | 41 μM | – | Wang et al., 2013 | |
| Cervical | HeLa | B. subtilis HSO121 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, lyophilization, MeOH extract, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 37 ± 4.5 μM (24 h) | HaCaT (97 μM at 24 h) | Liu X. et al., 2010 |
| B. subtilis | Commercially available | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 86.9 μM (16 h), 73.1 μM (24 h), 50.2 μM (48 h) | HaCaT (97 μM at 24 h) | Nozhat et al., 2012 | ||
| Oral epidermoid | KB-3-1 | B. subtilis HSO121 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, lyophilization, MeOH extract, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 57 ± 2.6 μM (24 h) | HaCaT (97 μM at 24 h) | Liu X. et al., 2010 |
| Pancreatic | SW-1990 | B. subtilis HSO121 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, lyophilization, MeOH extract, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 58 ± 1.6 μM (24 h) | HaCaT (97 μM at 24 h) | Liu X. et al., 2010 |
| Rat melanoma | B16 | B. subtilis HSO121 | Acidic precipitation, centrifugation, lyophilization, MeOH extract, and C18 RP-HPLC system | Growth inhibition | MTT | IC50 = 20 ± 1.5 μM (24 h) | HaCaT (97 μM at 24 h) | Liu X. et al., 2010 |