Table 2.
The minimum inhibitory concentration, susceptibility, and genes associated with antibiotic resistance in E. anophelis EM361-97.
| Antibiotic Group† | Antibiotics | MIC | Interpretation* | Resistant Gene/Protein/Mechanism† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillins | Piperacillin | 32 | I | β-lactamase (BRO-1, 2)Class A β-lactamaseGOB-1 β-lactamaseSubclass B3 metallo-β-lactamaseSubclass B1 metallo-β-lactamase |
| β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations | Piperacillin-tazobactam | 16/4 | S | |
| Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid | >64/2 | R | ||
| Cephems | Ceftazidime | >16 | R | |
| Cefepime | 32 | R | ||
| Ceftriaxone | >32 | R | ||
| Monobactams | Aztreonam | >16 | R | |
| Carbapenems | Imipenem | >8 | R | Carbapenem antibiotics biosynthesis protein CarD |
| Meropenem | >8 | R | ||
| Aminoglycosides | Gentamicin | >8 | R | Resistance-nodulation-cell division transporter system Multidrug resistance efflux pumpAminoglycoside N-acetyltransferaseAPH(3’) family aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferaseelongation factor Tu |
| Tobramycin | >8 | R | ||
| Amikacin | >32 | R | ||
| Tetracyclines | Tetracycline | >8 | R | Tetracycline resistance protein TetXMajor facilitator superfamily transporterTetracycline efflux pumpNADP-requiring oxidoreductase |
| Minocycline | <1 | S | ||
| Tigecycline | 2 | — | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | >2 | R | DNA gyrase subunit A and subunit BTopoisomerase IV |
| Levofloxacin | >8 | R | ||
| Folate pathway inhibitors | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | >4/76 | R | Group A drug-insensitive dihydrofolate reductaseSulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase Sul1 |
| Macrolides | — | — | — | Macrolide export protein MacA, MacBErythromycin resistance ATP-binding protein MsrA |
| Vancomycin | — | — | — | Vancomycin B-type resistance protein VanW |
| Clindamycin | — | — | — | Lincomycin resistance protein |
| Chloramphenicol | — | — | — | Resistance-nodulation-cell division transporter system Multidrug resistance efflux pumpGroup B chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (xenobiotic acetyltransferase) |
MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.
†Associated with multidrug resistance: membrane component of tripartite multidrug resistance system, multidrug resistance efflux pumps (CmeB, TolC, MATE family efflux pump, OML, AcrA, AcrB), outer membrane efflux protein BepC, multidrug resistance proteins (MdtA, MdtB, MdtC, MdtD, MdtE, MdtK, MdtL), multidrug resistance protein EmrK, multidrug export protein EmrA, multidrug resistance outer membrane protein MdtQ, ABC transporter, MFS transporter, transcription-repair coupling factor, acriflavin resistance protein, and isoleucine-tRNA ligase.
*Susceptibility was determined according to the interpretive standards for other non-Enterobacteriaceae of CLSI.