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. 2017 Oct 30;7:14357. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14733-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of sulforaphane and pyridoxamine treatment on systemic and vascular oxidative stress in GK rats compared with nondiabetic Wistar (W) rats. Representative DHE-stained aorta artery sections reflect O₂·^– production with the different treatments (A–E). The endothelium is facing up in all layers. At identical settings, fluorescence in diabetic GK (B) was markedly increased compared with normal vessel (Wistar, A). Note the increased fluorescence reflecting O₂·⁻ levels in the endothelium, intima, and media of GK aorta. DHE fluorescence decreased in the diabetic GK rats treated with SFN (GKS, C), PM (GKP, D) and SFN + PM (GKSP, E). Panel (K) contains quantification of the fluorescence ethidium signal in the different groups of arteries. Representative mesenteric sections showing nitrotyrosine staining in nondiabetic Wistar (F), diabetic GK (G), and diabetic GK rats treated with SFN (GKS, H), PM (GKP, I) and SFN + PM (GKSP, J). Panel (L) contains quantification of the green fluorescence in the different groups of arteries. (M) Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in the different groups of rats. Data are expressed as mean ± SE (n = 12). *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs Wistar group; ^ϕP < 0.05, ^ϕϕP < 0.01, ^ϕϕϕP < 0.001 vs GK group.