Table 2.
Association of calcium channel blockers with lower urinary tract symptoms.
| Author [ref] year | Number of CCB-users | Types of CCB evaluated | Association of CCB with LUTS | Quality of Life |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hughes et al. [15] 2011 | 38 | Amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine, lercanidipine, diltiazem, and verapamil | After adjusting for the natural progression of LUTS, there was a significant increase in mean IPSS after CCB initiation (5.85; 95% CI: 4.26–7.45, p < 0.001) | Significant increase in mean IPSS-QOL score after CCB commencement (2.27; 95% CI: 1.40–3.15, p < 0.001). |
|
| ||||
| Elhebir [16] 2011 | 85 | Amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine, lercanidipine, diltiazem, verapamil, Amlodipine/diltiazem, and felodipine/verapamil | CCB-users more likely to suffer from moderate-severe LUTS than non-CCB-users (p < 0.001) High significant association of Amlodipine/nifedipine (9.8; 95% CI: 3.98–24.3, p < 0.001) and diltiazem/verapamil (8.2; 95% CI: 1.93–34.9, p = 0.004) with severe LUTS Significantly higher odds of moderate-severe LUTS with CCB (amlodipine/nifedipine, and diltiazem/verapamil [37.5; 95% CI: 8.6–163.9, p < 0.001]) |
CCB-users had statistically significantly higher scores of Benign prostate hyperplasia impact index (p = 0.017) and IPSS-QOL question (p < 0.0001). |
|
| ||||
| Hall et al. [17] 2012 | Monotherapy 54, CCB + other AHT 153 | NR | Monotherapy of CCB is associated with higher prevalence of nocturia (OR 2.65; 95% CI: 1.04–6.74, p = 0.03) and voiding symptoms (OR 2.59; 95% CI: 1.24–11.87, p = 0.05) in young females (<55 years); no associations of CCB (monotherapy and CCB use with other AHT) with LUTS in males | NR. |
|
| ||||
| Ito et al. [18] 2013 | 206 | NR | Mean IPSS score was significantly high in CCB-users than nontreated hypertensives (19.6 versus 18.2, p < 0.05) |
No difference of QOL scores between CCB-users and nontreated hypertensives. |
|
| ||||
| Kok et al. [19] 2009 | 39 | NR | Preventive effect of CCB use in development of LUTS suggestive of BPH (HR 0.38; 95% CI: 0.151–0.979, p = 0.04) | NR. |
AHT: antihypertensive; CCB: calcium channel blockers; LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms; QOL: quality of life; HR: hazards ratio; OR: odds ratio; NR: not reported.