Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics in Dar es Salaam Urban Cohort Hypertension biomarker substudy, 2014
| Variable | All (n=347) | Men (n=145) | Women (n=202) | Use palm oil (n=274) | Use sunflower oil (n=73) |
| Age | |||||
| 40–49 | 150 (43) | 56 (39) | 94 (47) | 123 (45) | 27 (37) |
| 50–59 | 113 (33) | 43 (30) | 70 (35) | 82 (30) | 31 (42) |
| 60 and above | 84 (24) | 46 (32) | 38 (19) | 69 (25) | 15 (21) |
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed | 83 (24) | 14 (10) | 69 (34) | 70 (26) | 13 (18) |
| Employed (includes self-employed) | 238 (69) | 112 (77) | 126 (62) | 183 (67) | 55 (75) |
| Retired | 26 (7) | 19 (13) | 7 (3) | 21 (8) | 5 (7) |
| Household wealth index | |||||
| Tertile 1, poorest | 115 (33) | 49 (34) | 66 (33) | 109 (40) | 6 (8) |
| Tertile 2 | 117 (34) | 53 (37) | 64 (32) | 90 (33) | 27 (37) |
| Tertile 3, wealthiest | 115 (33) | 43 (30) | 72 (36) | 75 (27) | 40 (55) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Underweight (<18.50) | 19 (5) | 13 (9) | 6 (3) | 19 (7) | 0 (0) |
| Normal weight (18.50 to <25.00) | 100 (29) | 56 (39) | 44 (22) | 91 (33) | 9 (12) |
| Overweight (25 to <30.00) | 112 (32) | 48 (33) | 64 (32) | 81 (30) | 31 (42) |
| Obese (≥30.00) | 116 (33) | 28 (19) | 88 (44) | 83 (30) | 33 (45) |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Tertile 1(0–14 MET hours/week) | 123 (35) | 46 (32) | 77 (38) | 96 (35) | 27 (37) |
| Tertile 2(15–112 MET hours/week) | 108 (31) | 38 (27) | 70 (35) | 86 (31) | 22 (30) |
| Tertile 3(113–840 MET hours/week) | 116 (33) | 61 (42) | 55 (27) | 92 (34) | 24 (33) |
| Alcohol drinking* | |||||
| Non-drinker | 286 (82) | 103 (71) | 183 (91) | 225 (82) | 61 (84) |
| Smoking | |||||
| Non-smoker | 278 (81) | 85 (59) | 193 (97) | 210 (78) | 68 (93) |
| Former smoker | 43 (13) | 39 (27) | 4 (2) | 38 (14) | 5 (7) |
| Current smoker | 22 (6) | 19 (13) | 3 (2) | 22 (8) | 0 (0) |
| Dietary variables | |||||
| Palm oil as major cooking oil | 274 (79) | 119 (82) | 155 (77) | ||
| Meat intake | |||||
| <1 serving/week | 41 (12) | 21 (14) | 20 (10) | 36 (13) | 5 (7) |
| 1–6 servings/week | 173 (50) | 55 (38) | 118 (58) | 145 (53) | 28 (38) |
| ≥1 servings/day | 133 (38) | 69 (48) | 64 (32) | 93 (34) | 40 (55) |
| Fish intake | |||||
| <1 serving/week | 41 (12) | 13 (9) | 28 (14) | 31 (11) | 10 (14) |
| 1–7 servings/week | 196 (56) | 76 (52) | 120 (59) | 154 (56) | 42 (58) |
| >1 servings/day | 110 (32) | 56 (39) | 54 (27) | 89 (32) | 21 (29) |
| Dairy intake | |||||
| <1 serving/week | 159 (46) | 63 (43) | 96 (48) | 136 (50) | 23 (32) |
| 1–6 servings/week | 133 (38) | 65 (45) | 68 (34) | 99 (36) | 34 (47) |
| ≥1 servings/day | 55 (16) | 17 (12) | 38 (19) | 39 (14) | 16 (22) |
| Fruit and vegetable | |||||
| <5 servings/day | 121 (35) | 49 (34) | 72 (36) | 101 (37) | 20 (27) |
| 5–7 servings/day | 68 (20) | 26 (20) | 42 (21) | 54 (20) | 14 (19) |
| >7 servings/day | 158 (46) | 70 (48) | 88 (44) | 119 (43) | 39 (53) |
| Nuts and legumes | |||||
| <1 serving/week | 27 (8) | 7 (5) | 20 (10) | 17 (6) | 10 (14) |
| 1–7 servings/week | 200 (58) | 87 (60) | 113 (56) | 162 (59) | 38 (52) |
| >1 servings/day | 120 (35) | 51 (35) | 69 (34) | 95 (35) | 25 (34) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day)† | 2413 (1701, 3215) | 2629 (1780, 3216) | 2313 (1617, 3207) | 2369 (1654, 3150) | 2743 (1865, 3606) |
| Fat intake † | |||||
| Total fat (% of energy) | 17 (15, 20) | 17 (15, 21) | 17 (15, 20) | 17 (14, 20) | 20 (15, 22) |
| Saturated fat (% energy) | 10 (8, 13) | 10 (8, 13) | 10 (8, 12) | 10 (8, 13) | 10 (8, 11) |
| Monounsaturated fat (% of energy) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (4, 5) |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy) | 2 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 2) |
| Cholesterol | |||||
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 196 (3) | 185 (4) | 204 (4) | 199 (3) | 184 (6) |
| Hypercholesterolaemia § | 164 (47) | 54 (37) | 110 (54) | 135 (49) | 29 (40) |
| Cholesterol level was previously checked | 29 (18) | 7 (13) | 22 (20) | 13 (10) | 16 (55) |
| Previously diagnosed hypercholesterolaemia | 13 (8) | 1 (2) | 12 (11) | 5 (4) | 8 (28) |
| Currently taking cholesterol lowering medications | 9 (5) | 1 (2) | 8 (7) | 3 (2) | 6 (21) |
Number (%) reported for all variables, except as specified b and c below.
*According to report of drinking alcohol in the past 30 days.
†Total energy and fat intake, which is reported as median (IQR).
‡Serum total cholesterol, reported as mean (SE).
§Hypercholesterolaemia defined as total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL.
BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent.