Table 2.
Adjusted mean differences for serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) by dietary factors; Dar es Salaam Urban Cohort Hypertension biomarker substudy
| Variable | Interviewer- adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | p Value* | Fully adjusted† mean difference (95% CI) (n=347) |
p Value* | Fully adjusted‡ mean difference after excluding 16 participants diagnosed or treated for dyslipidaemia (95% CI) (n=331) | p Value* |
| Major cooking oil | 0.092 | 0.033 | 0.028 | |||
| Sunflower oil | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Palm oil | 11 (−2 to 24) | 15 (1 to 29) | 17 (2 to 32) | |||
| Meat intake | 0.485 | 0.017 | 0.031 | |||
| <1 serving/week | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–6 servings/week | −1 (−19 to 16) | −1 (−19 to 17) | −2 (−20 to 17) | |||
| ≥1 servings/day | 4 (−15 to 22) | 18 (−3 to 39) | 16 (−5 to 37) | |||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | 0.028 | 0.011 | 0.024 | |||
| <5 servings/day | 16 (2 to 30) | 13 (−3 to 29) | 12 (−5 to 29) | |||
| 5–7 servings/day | 10 (−6 to 25) | 8 (−8 to 24) | 10 (−7 to 26) | |||
| >7 servings/day | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Fish intake | 0.399 | 0.446 | 0.309 | |||
| <1 serving/week | 14 (−8 to 36) | 10 (−13 to 33) | 14 (−9 to 38) | |||
| 1–7 servings/week | 3 (−11 to 17) | 2 (−13 to 17) | 4 (−11 to 20) | |||
| >1 servings/day | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Dairy intake | 0.802 | 0.572 | 0.690 | |||
| <1 serving/week | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–6 servings/week | −9 (−22 to 4) | −7 (−21 to 6) | −7 (−21 to 7) | |||
| ≥1 servings/day | −2 (−18 to 15) | −2 (−20 to 15) | −1 (−20 to 17) | |||
| Total energy intake (per 1000 kcal) |
−8 (−21 to 5) | 0.226 | −5 (−12 to 3) | 0.209 | −4 (−11 to 4) | 0.365 |
| Age | 0.106 | 0.071 | 0.099 | |||
| 40–49 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 50–59 | 4 (−9 to 16) | 6 (−6 to 19) | 5 (−9 to 18) | |||
| 60 and above | 11 (−2 to 25) | 16 (0 to 31) | 15 (−1 to 31) | |||
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Female | 21 (10 to 32) | 27 (15 to 39) | 24 (11 to 36) | |||
| Employment status | 0.432 | 0.567 | 0.581 | |||
| Unemployed | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Employed§ | −7 (−20 to 6) | 7 (−9 to 22) | 5 (−12 to 21) | |||
| Retired | 2 (−21 to 24) | 12 (−13 to 36) | 13 (−12 to 39) | |||
| Household wealth index | 0.692 | 0.754 | 0.952 | |||
| 1, poorest | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 2 | −9 (−22 to 4) | −8 (−21 to 5) | −7 (−20 to 7) | |||
| 3, wealthiest | −1 (−15 to 12) | 0 (−14 to 14) | 2 (−13 to 16) | |||
| Physical activity tertile | 0.953 | 0.430 | 0.599 | |||
| 1, least active | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 2 | 1 (−13 to 15) | 2 (−12 to 16) | 4 (−11 to 18) | |||
| 3, most active | 0 (−15 to 15) | 7 (−9 to 24) | 6 (−11 to 24) | |||
| Alcohol consumption ¶ | 0.315 | 0.666 | 0.641 | |||
| Non-drinker | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Drinker | −7 (−21 to 7) | −3 (−18 to 11) | −4 (−18 to 11) |
*F test for categorical variables (cooking oil, sex, employment status, alcohol consumption); t test for continuous variables (total energy intake); test of trend based on median value in each category for ordinal categorical variables (age category, wealth index tertile, food consumption and physical activity categories).
†Adjusted for covariates in column 1 as well as interviewer.
‡Excluding those previously diagnosed with hypercholesterolaemia; adjusted for covariates in column 1 as well as interviewer.
§Self-employed, government job or job in private company.
¶According to report of drinking alcohol in the past 30 days.