Table 2.

Examples of hybrid photosynthesis system with enzymes as biocatalyst

System	Light harvester	Enzyme	Comments	References
PBEC	NiO photocathode with dye P1	CODH	Pt wire anode Water splitting Produces carbon monoxide	[113]
PBEC	BiVO4- and Co-Pi-coated FTO photoanode	FDH	Polydopamine cathode Water splitting NADH as cofactor Produces formate Efficiencya: 0.042%	[114]
PBEC	BiFeO3 photocathode Co-Pi/hematite photoanode	FDH/FaldH/ADH	Z-scheme Water splitting Rhodium complex used as redox mediator Cofactor NADH 220 μM h−1 methanol	[115]
PC	ZnS nanorods	FDH/FaldH/ADH	Glycerol as e− donor Cofactor NADH Produces methanol	[116]
PC	TiO2 nanoparticles coated with [CrF5(H2O)]2−	FDH/FaldH/ADH	Glycerol or water as e− donor Rhodium complex used as redox mediator Cofactor NADH Produces methanol	[117]
PC	Graphene modified with isatin–porphyrin chromophore	FDH/FaldH/ADH	TEOA as e− donor Rhodium complex used as redox mediator Cofactor NADH 7.47 μM h−1 methanol	[118]
PC	Carbon nitride array	FDH/FaldH/ADH	TEOA as e− donor Rhodium complex used as redox mediator Cofactor NADH 45 nM h−1 methanol	[119]
PC	Graphene modified with multi-anthraquinone substituted porphyrin	FDH	TEOA as e− donor Rhodium complex used as redox mediator Cofactor NADH 55.5 μmol h−1 formate	[120]
PC	Graphene modified with the BODIPY molecule	FDH	TEOA as e− donor Rhodium complex used as redox mediator Cofactor NADH 72 μmol h−1 formate	[121]
PC	Photosensitizer Ru(bpy)2+3	FDH	EDTA as e− donor Methylviologen used as redox mediator Immobilization inside porous glass improved performance 15 mM h−1 formate Efficiency: 0.22%	[123]

PBEC photobioelectrochemical cell, CODH carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, FDH formate dehydrogenase, FaldH formaldehyde dehydrogenase, ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase, PC photocatalyst-driven system, TEOA triethanolamine, EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

^aEfficiency refers to solar energy-to-product conversion efficiency