Table 1.
Long-noncoding-RNA-mediated nuclear mechanisms
| Long noncoding RNA | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| lncRNAs interacting with chromatin complexes | ||
| Fendrr | Differentiation of tissues derived from lateral mesoderm | [34] |
| HOTTIP | Homeotic gene activation at the HOXA locus | [35] |
| DBE-T | Epigenetic regulation of the FSHD gene | [36] |
| Kcnq1ot1 | Lineage-specific imprinting at the Kcnq1 locus | [37] |
| pRNA | CpG methylation of rRNA genes | [38] |
| Morrbid | Survival control of myeloid cells | [40] |
| Linc-Pint | Epigenetic regulation of p53 response | [41] |
| Chaer | Epigenetic regulator in the development of cardiac hypertrophy | [42] |
| PINC | Pregnancy-induced, regulates mammary epithelial differentiation | [43] |
| HOTAIR | Silencing of the HOXD locus | [44] |
| Braveheart | Activation of cardiovascular progenitor | [119] |
| ANRIL | Transcriptional silencing to control cellular senescence | [120] |
| lncRNAs as modulators of proteins and enzyme cofactors | ||
| NKILA | NF-κB inactivation by inhibition of IκB phosphorylation | [48] |
| lnc-DC | Regulate genes involved in dendritic cell differentiation | [49] |
| ncRNA-a | Enhancer-like functions on the neighbouring genes | [53] |
| CONCR | Involved in DNA replication and sister-chromatid cohesion | [54] |
| Lethe | Prevents DNA binding of the RelA subunit of NF-κB | [121] |
| lncRNAs binding DNA/RNA-binding proteins | ||
| linc-YY1 | YY1-mediated regulation of myogenesis | [64] |
| RMST | SOX2-mediated regulation of pluripotency and neuronal differentiation | [65] |
| GAS5 | Regulation of the glucocorticoid response | [58] |
| DINO | Regulation of the DNA-damage-induced p53 response | [59] |
| linc-p21 | Repressor in p53-dependent transcriptional response | [23] |
| SAMMSON | Regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolism | [122] |
| LUNAR1 | Enhancing of IGF1 signalling | [123] |
| lncRNAs forming R-loops and triple helixes | ||
| TERRA | Maintenance of the telomeric structure | [72] |
| VIM-AS1 | Promotion of transcriptional activation of the VIM gene | [75] |
| COOLAIR | Negative regulation of FLC expression and flowering | [77] |
| Khps1 | Transcriptional activation of SPHK1 | [82] |
| MEG3 | Transcriptional regulation of genes of the TGF-β pathway | [83] |
| lncRNAs in higher-order structures | ||
| Xist | X chromosome inactivation | [106] |
| Firre | Role in adipogenesis; mediates inter-chromosomal interactions | [107, 124] |
| NEAT1 | Nucleation of paraspeckles | [14, 15, 109] |
| MALAT1 | Formation of nuclear speckles | [110] |
FLC flowering locus C, NF nuclear factor, TGF transforming growth factor, YY1 Yin Yang 1