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. 2017 Oct 30;18:205. doi: 10.1186/s13059-017-1347-3

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Cis versus trans regulation of A-to-I editing. Cis regulation contributes significantly to the efficiency of editing by ADARs. The sequence context and secondary structure surrounding the adenosine are important in determining the efficiency of editing. The 5′ and 3′ nucleotides adjacent to the adenosine are important contributors to the editing efficiency. Trans regulation contributes less significantly to the overall editing, and can either enhance editing, such as occurs with Pin1 phosphorylation of ADAR, or reduce overall editing, as occurs with WWP2 (ubiquitination of ADAR) or AIMP2 (reduces overall levels of ADAR1)