Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants by adiposity
| Variable | Total | Obese | Non-obese | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1210) | (n = 197) | (n = 1013) | ||
| Age (years) | 15.5 ± 2.8 | 15.2 ± 3.0 | 15.6 ± 2.8 | 0.063 |
| Male, n (%) | 594 (49.1) | 123 (62.4) | 471 (46.5) | < 0.001 |
| Anthropometric assessment | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 55.5 ± 14.9 | 74.7 ± 15.5 | 51.7 ± 11.6 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 4.2 | 28.3 ± 3.2 | 19.9 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 71.8 ± 10.8 | 73.5 ± 12.6 | 71.5 ± 10.4 | 0.060 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.123 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.236 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 114.2 ± 18.5 | 115.8 ± 19.5 | 113.9 ± 18.3 | 0.208 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 67.9 ± 12.9 | 68.5 ± 13.9 | 67.9 ± 13.8 | 0.503 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 46.3 ± 14.2 | 47.2 ± 14.6 | 46.1 ± 14.1 | 0.304 |
| Lifestyle history | ||||
| Smoking, n (%) | 29 (2.4) | 6 (3.0) | 23 (2.3) | 0.515 |
| Betel nut chewing, n (%) | 6 (0.5) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (0.4) | 0.335 |
| Biochemistry data | ||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.79 ± 0.17 | 0.77 ± 0.16 | 0.79 ± 0.17 | 0.177 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 90.8 ± 8.6 | 91.1 ± 7.2 | 90.7 ± 8.8 | 0.608 |
| ALT (mg/dL) | 17.0 ± 16.4 | 18.1 ± 19.8 | 16.8 ± 19.7 | 0.336 |
| AST (mg/dL) | 19.1 ± 7.4 | 19.6 ± 9.6 | 19.0 ± 6.9 | 0.328 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.73 ± 1.43 | 5.71 ± 1.51 | 5.73 ± 1.42 | 0.782 |
| GGT (U/L) | 15.2 ± 10.3 | 16.5 ± 14.3 | 14.9 ± 9.4 | 0.063 |
| Lipid profiles | ||||
| LDL (mg/dL) | 95.5 ± 25.7 | 95.6 ± 27.4 | 95.5 ± 25.3 | 0.957 |
| VLDL (mg/dL) | 15.6 ± 7.7 | 15.8 ± 7.5 | 15.5 ± 7.7 | 0.628 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 57.9 ± 11.4 | 58.1 ± 11.9 | 57.9 ± 11.3 | 0.821 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 162.3 ± 27.3 | 162.8 ± 29.4 | 162.2 ± 26.9 | 0.777 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 78.2 ± 41.2 | 80.1 ± 44.8 | 77.9 ± 40.4 | 0.490 |
| GGT (U/L) | 15.2 ± 10.3 | 16.5 ± 14.3 | 14.9 ± 9.4 | 0.063 |
| NAFLD, n (%) | 167 (13.8) | 35 (17.8) | 132 (13.0) | 0.078 |
Abbreviation: ALT aspartate aminotransferase, AST alanine aminotransferase, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, BW body weight, BMI basal metabolic index, BP blood pressure, GGT gamma-glutamyl aminotransferase, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides