Table 5.
Adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes among different management groups in combined databases (Sensitivity analysis)
| Combined | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (%) | Crude ORa (95% CI) | AORb (95% CI) | |
| Adverse maternal outcomes | |||
| PPH | |||
| IOL | 168/5549 (3.03) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 45/2493 (1.81) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.40) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.33) |
| EM | 658/24,961 (2.64) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) |
| Ruptured uterus | |||
| IOL | 5/5549 (0.14) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 2/2493 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.09, 1.79) | 0.21 (0.04, 1.06) |
| EM | 48/24,961 (0.31) | 2.72 (1.18, 6.25) | 1.25 (0.45, 3.45) |
| Admission to ICU | |||
| IOL | 32/5549 (0.58) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 9/2493 (0.36) | 2.06 (1.01, 4.21) | 1.56 (0.65, 3.76) |
| EM | 254/24,961 (1.02) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.15) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.14) |
| Postpartum stay > 7 | |||
| IOL | 154/5549 (2.78) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 101/2493 (4.05) | 2.48 (1.87, 3.29) | 1.59 (1.17, 2.18) |
| EM | 732/24,961 (2.93) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.18) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) |
| Severe maternal outcome | |||
| IOL | 79/5549 (1.42) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 24/2493 (0.96) | 1.50 (0.94, 2.40) | 1.18 (0.71, 1.96) |
| EM | 370/24,961 (1.48) | 0.72 (0.54, 0.94) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.99) |
| CS rate | |||
| IOL | 1591/5549 (28.67) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| EM | 6026/24,961 (24.14) | 0.70 (0.65, 0.75) | 0.65 (0.59, 0.70) |
| Adverse perinatal outcomes | |||
| APGAR <7 at 5 min | |||
| IOL | 109/5549 (1.97) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 29/2493 (1.17) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.30) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.08) |
| EM | 482/24,961 (1.94) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) |
| Admission to NICU | |||
| IOL | 344/5549 (6.22) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 257/2493 (10.31) | 1.89 (1.57, 2.29) | 1.54 (1.25, 1.90) |
| EM | 1452/24,961 (5.83) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.84 (0.72, 0.97) |
| Stillbirth | |||
| IOL | 25/5549 (0.45) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 7/2493 (0.28) | 0.91 (0.40, 2.08) | 0.76 (0.30, 1.91) |
| EM | 110/24,961 (0.44) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.48) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.65) |
| Early neonatal death | |||
| IOL | 23/5549 (0.42) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 7/2493 (0.28) | 0.91 (0.39, 2.08) | 0.71 (0.30, 1.68) |
| EM | 101/24,961 (0.41) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.48) | 0.82 (0.51, 1.32) |
| Perinatal death | |||
| IOL | 48/5549 (0.87) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ECS | 14/2493 (0.56) | 0.93 (0.51, 1.69) | 0.75 (0.39, 1.43) |
| EM | 210/24,961 (0.84) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.27) | 0.90 (0.63, 1.27) |
IOL Induction of labour group, ECS Elective Caesarean section group, EM Expectant management group
aCrude ORs were calculated by multilevel logistic regression model after accounted for cluster effect(facility level, country level, data source -WHOGS & WHOMCS)
bAdjusted for maternal characteristics (age, marital status, education, parity, previous CS); neonatal characteristics (birth weight); facility capacity index score and cluster effect (facility level, country level, data source – WHOGS & WHOMCS)