Table 3.
Associates and predictors of pleurisy in SLE among demographic, clinical, serologic features and SDI (p<0.05)
| Subgroup | With pleurisy | Without pleurisy | Cross-sectional | Prospective | ||||
| OR | 95% CI | p Value | HR | 95% CI | p Value | |||
| Demographic features | ||||||||
| Age at SLE diagnosis | 31.03±12.01 | 33.44±13.54 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 0.99 | <0.0001 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 1.00 | 0.0002 |
| African-American ethnicity | 44.04% | 40.03% | 1.17 | 0.99 to 1.40 | 0.0615 | 0.92 | 0.66 to 1.28 | 0.6299 |
| Clinical features | ||||||||
| Arthralgia | 95.85% | 87.66% | 3.25 | 2.30 to 4.60 | <0.0001 | 1.32 | 1.13 to 1.54 | 0.0005 |
| Pancreatitis | 5.50% | 2.00% | 2.86 | 1.79 to 4.55 | <0.0001 | 3.25 | 1.91 to 5.54 | <0.0001 |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 12.17% | 5.76% | 2.27 | 1.69 to 3.04 | <0.0001 | 2.2 | 1.41 to 3.43 | 0.0005 |
| Fever | 45.95% | 29.39% | 2.04 | 1.72 to 2.42 | <0.0001 | 1.87 | 1.56 to 2.23 | <0.0001 |
| Arthritis | 79.48% | 66.32% | 1.97 | 1.63 to 2.37 | <0.0001 | 1.38 | 1.18 to 1.62 | <0.0001 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 10.57% | 5.78% | 1.93 | 1.42 to 2.61 | <0.0001 | 0.96 | 0.54 to 1.71 | 0.8805 |
| Haemolytic anaemia | 12.87% | 7.91% | 1.72 | 1.31 to 2.26 | <0.0001 | 1.51 | 1.1 to 2.08 | 0.0106 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 37.78% | 26.34% | 1.7 | 1.43 to 2.02 | <0.0001 | 1.53 | 1.24 to 1.89 | 0.0001 |
| Anaemia | 69.57% | 57.51% | 1.69 | 1.42 to 2.00 | <0.0001 | 1.46 | 1.23 to 1.72 | <0.0001 |
| Raynaud’s syndrome | 58.37% | 47.08% | 1.58 | 1.34 to 1.86 | <0.0001 | 1.55 | 1.3 to 1.84 | <0.0001 |
| Malar rash | 54.26% | 45.75% | 1.41 | 1.20 to 1.65 | <0.0001 | 1.24 | 1.05 to 1.46 | 0.0112 |
| Proteinuria | 48.64% | 40.70% | 1.38 | 1.17 to 1.63 | 0.0001 | 1.24 | 1.04 to 1.49 | 0.0168 |
| Mouth ulcer | 55.66% | 48.48% | 1.33 | 1.13 to 1.57 | 0.0005 | 1.34 | 1.12 to 1.6 | 0.0013 |
| Alopecia | 58.00% | 52.14% | 1.27 | 1.08 to 1.49 | 0.0047 | 1.12 | 0.94 to 1.34 | 0.2066 |
| Nephrotic syndrome | 20.20% | 16.08% | 1.32 | 1.07 to 1.63 | 0.0107 | 1.2 | 0.94 to 1.53 | 0.1489 |
| Haematuria | 30.23% | 25.65% | 1.26 | 1.05 to 1.50 | 0.0133 | 1.32 | 1.07 to 1.63 | 0.0100 |
| Seizure | 11.00% | 8.43% | 1.34 | 1.02 to 1.77 | 0.0352 | 1.02 | 0.67 to 1.55 | 0.9419 |
| Photosensitivity | 54.70% | 50.48% | 1.18 | 1.01 to 1.39 | 0.0427 | 1.21 | 1.01 to 1.44 | 0.0356 |
| Organic brain syndrome |
5.12% | 3.41% | 1.53 | 1.02 to 2.29 | 0.0486 | 1.36 | 0.84 to 2.21 | 0.2112 |
| Serologic features | ||||||||
| ESR | 79.51% | 70.40% | 1.63 | 1.35 to 1.98 | <0.0001 | 1.15 | 0.95 to 1.38 | 0.1592 |
| Anti-DNA | 66.99% | 58.01% | 1.47 | 1.24 to 1.74 | <0.0001 | 1.55 | 1.33 to 1.81 | <0.0001 |
| Low C3 | 60.10% | 50.81% | 1.46 | 1.24 to 1.72 | <0.0001 | 1.48 | 1.23 to 1.78 | <0.0001 |
| Low C4 | 52.75% | 43.77% | 1.43 | 1.22 to 1.69 | <0.0001 | 1.59 | 1.32 to 1.91 | <0.0001 |
| Coombs test | 23.66% | 17.53% | 1.46 | 1.17 to 1.82 | 0.0009 | 1.43 | 1.1 to 1.87 | 0.0086 |
| Anti-RNP | 31.41% | 26.34% | 1.28 | 1.07 to 1.54 | 0.0081 | 1.19 | 0.92 to 1.53 | 0.1864 |
| Anti-Sm | 22.56% | 18.78% | 1.26 | 1.03 to 1.54 | 0.0255 | 1.58 | 1.27 to 1.96 | <0.0001 |
| SDI | ||||||||
| Total SDI score | 2.63±2.73 | 1.73±2.20 | ||||||
| Pulmonary | 0.22±0.53 | 0.11±0.38 | ||||||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 6.41% | 3.44% | 1.92 | 1.31 to 2.83 | 0.0007 | 1.35 | 0.67 to 2.73 | 0.4021 |
| Pleural fibrosis | 3.89% | 1.95% | 2.03 | 1.23 to 3.35 | 0.0047 | 0.32 | 0.04 to 2.27 | 0.2538 |
| Cardiovascular | 0.23±0.58 | 0.12±0.43 | ||||||
| Pericarditis | 3.11% | 0.67% | 4.74 | 2.25 to 9.97 | <0.0001 | 2.02 | 1 to 4.07 | 0.0485 |
| Myocardial infarction ever | 5.92% | 3.14% | 1.94 | 1.30 to 2.91 | 0.0010 | 0.71 | 0.26 to 1.93 | 0.5043 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 5.15% | 2.76% | 1.91 | 1.24 to 2.93 | 0.0026 | 1.54 | 0.79 to 3 | 0.2028 |
| Valvular disease | 3.60% | 2.02% | 1.81 | 1.10 to 2.99 | 0.0190 | 2.16 | 0.89 to 5.24 | 0.0897 |
| Gastrointestinal | 0.23±0.52 | 0.13±0.40 | ||||||
| Infarction or resection of bowel | 17.26% | 10.22% | 1.83 | 1.44 to 2.33 | <0.0001 | 1.91 | 1.33 to 2.74 | 0.0004 |
| Chronic peritonitis | 0.68% | 0.07% | 9.17 | 1.13 to 74.64 | 0.0247 | 3.37 | 0.83 to 13.7 | 0.0896 |
| Musculoskeletal | 0.52±0.90 | 0.33±0.70 | ||||||
| Deforming or erosive arthritis | 8.80% | 4.38% | 2.1 | 1.50 to 2.96 | <0.0001 | 1.02 | 0.53 to 1.99 | 0.9464 |
| Osteoporosis | 14.81% | 9.94% | 1.58 | 1.23 to 2.02 | 0.0003 | 1.26 | 0.76 to 2.07 | 0.3686 |
| Avascular necrosis | 13.35% | 9.06% | 1.55 | 1.19 to 2.00 | 0.0009 | 0.94 | 0.6 to 1.49 | 0.7999 |
| Neuropsychiatric | 0.37±0.72 | 0.27±0.60 | ||||||
| Cranial or peripheral neuropathy | 11.75% | 7.47% | 1.65 | 1.25 to 2.18 | 0.0004 | 0.91 | 0.52 to 1.59 | 0.7502 |
| Cerebrovascular accident ever | 9.71% | 6.95% | 1.44 | 1.07 to 1.93 | 0.0148 | 1.2 | 0.75 to 1.93 | 0.4526 |
| Premature gonadal failure | 6.44% | 3.58% | 1.85 | 1.27 to 2.71 | 0.0013 | 1.47 | 0.8 to 2.69 | 0.2160 |
| Ocular | 0.25±0.48 | 0.19±0.45 | ||||||
| Any cataract ever | 19.75% | 14.88% | 1.41 | 1.13 to 1.74 | 0.0018 | 0.71 | 0.43 to 1.17 | 0.1808 |
| Diabetes | 9.46% | 7.02% | 1.38 | 1.03 to 1.86 | 0.0308 | 0.87 | 0.43 to 1.77 | 0.7094 |
| Peripheral vascular | ||||||||
| Venous thrombosis | 5.05% | 2.76% | 1.87 | 1.22 to 2.88 | 0.0037 | 1.07 | 0.55 to 2.08 | 0.8342 |
| Skin | ||||||||
| Skin ulceration for >6 months | 2.05% | 0.75% | 2.77 | 1.30 to 5.91 | 0.0060 | 1.99 | 0.63 to 6.25 | 0.2410 |
| Renal | ||||||||
| Renal insufficiency | 7.38% | 5.31% | 1.42 | 1.02 to 1.96 | 0.0383 | 1.09 | 0.69 to 1.73 | 0.7093 |
*After adjusting for multiple comparisons, significant level is 0.0006; p<0.0006 bold.
ACR, American College of Rheumatology; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; SDI, SLICC/ACR Damage Index; SLICC, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics.