Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Regional/Ethnic Groups (N=5,697)
| Characteristic | White | Black or African American | Indian | Malay | Chinese | Japanese & Koreans | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=1,324 | N=674 | N=1,448 | N=590 | N=973 | N=688 | ||
| Age, median (IQR),)y | 61.7 (54.3–70.1) | 54.9 (46.8–63.9) | 59 (51–66) | 56 (49–63) | 62 (52–70) | 67 (54.5–75) | <0.001 |
| Men (%) | 79.1 | 60.7 | 76 | 80.5 | 81.0 | 73.7 | <0.001 |
| NYHA classification (%) (N=5692) | <0.001 | ||||||
| * Class I/II | 63.4 | 60.1 | 54.7 | 58.2 | 45.3 | 61.3 | |
| * Class III/IV | 36.6 | 39.9 | 31.9 | 37.4 | 46.9 | 27.5 | |
| * Not assessed | 0 | 0 | 13.5 | 4.4 | 7.8 | 11.2 | |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, mean (SD), (%) | 24 (6.1) | 24 (6.4) | 27 (5.6) | 24 (6.3) | 26 (6.3) | 26 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic etiology (%) (N=5469) | 61.6 | 33.1 | 42.9 | 69.4 | 45.5 | 31.8 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) (N=5663) | 113 (18) | 116 (19) | 116 (18) | 122 (22) | 120 (20) | 114 (19) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm, mean (SD) (N=5664) | 71 (11) | 72 (12) | 81 (15) | 83 (18) | 80 (17) | 77 (16) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (N=5494) | 30.1 (6.2) | 33.1 (8.4) | 25.0 (4.9) | 25.8 (5.8) | 24.6 (4.9) | 23.2 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) (N=4668) | 1.36 (0.9) | 1.34 (0.7) | 1.26 (0.8) | 1.59 (1.6) | 1.38 (1.1) | 1.41 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| * Diabetes (N=5684) | 388 (29.3) | 242 (35.9) | 584 (40.3) | 278 (47.7) | 369 (38.0) | 221 (32.4) | <0.001 |
| * Atrial fibrillation/flutter (N=5685) | 327 (24.7) | 96 (14.2) | 64 (4.4) | 78 (13.4) | 238 (24.5) | 249 (35.9) | <0.001 |
| * Hypertension (N=5672) | 668 (50.8) | 510 (76.0) | 586 (40.5) | 342 (58.7) | 529 (54.4) | 328 (48.0) | <0.001 |
| * Stroke (N=5685) | 100 (7.6) | 109 (16.2) | 30 (2.1) | 39 (6.7) | 68 (7.0) | 69 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| * COPD (N=5669) | 161 (12.3) | 54 (8.1) | 73 (5.0) | 51 (8.8) | 102 (10.5) | 62 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| * Chronic kidney disease (N=4656) | 604 (51.7) | 214 (34.6) | 354 (37.3) | 258 (57.2) | 358 (43.1) | 267 (41.8) | <0.001 |
| * Smoking history (N=5677) | 891 (67.5) | 381 (56.9) | 313 (21.6) | 346 (59.3) | 530 (54.5) | 364 (53.4) | <0.001 |
| * Alcohol intake, Yes (N=5652) | 595 (45.5) | 243 (37.0) | 251 (17.3) | 73 (12.4) | 332 (34.1) | 309 (45.3) | <0.001 |
| Educational status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| * Less than high school | 158 (11.9) | 93 (13.8) | 408 (28.2) | 147 (24.9) | 358 (37.0) | 118 (18.1) | |
| * High school or equivalent | 326 (24.6) | 234 (34.7) | 444 (30.7) | 284 (48.1) | 372 (38.5) | 218 (33.4) | |
| * Some college/associate degree/diploma | 446 (33.7) | 229 (34.0) | 177 (12.2) | 68 (11.5) | 150 (15.5) | 100 (15.3) | |
| * Degree or higher | 359 (27.1) | 106 (15.7) | 371 (25.6) | 70 (11.9) | 63 (6.5) | 186 (23.5) | |
| * Decline to respond/nil | 35 (2.6) | 12 (1.8) | 48 (3.3) | 21 (3.6) | 24 (2.5) | 30 (4.6) | |
| Medications, n (%)() (N=5543) | |||||||
| * Beta-blockers | 1244 (94.0) | 645 (95.7) | 937 (68.3) | 415 (74.6) | 789 (83.8) | 579 (85.8) | <0.001 |
| * ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin receptor blockers | 1236 (93.4) | 639 (94.8) | 1050 (76.5) | 428 (77.0) | 640 (67.9) | 564 (85.6) | <0.001 |
| * Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists | 575 (43.4) | 340 (50.5) | 833 (60.7) | 310 (55.8) | 627 (66.6) | 390 (57.8) | <0.001 |
| * Diuretics | 998 (75.4) | 565 (83.8) | 1106 (80.6) | 483 (86.9) | 769 (81.6) | 541 (80.2) | <0.001 |
| All-Cause Mortality, n (%) | 57 (4.3) | 42 (6.2) | 107 (8.3) | 70 (17.4) | 116 (13.7) | 27 (4.8) | <0.001 |