Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics for Sample Households From Myanmar WHS, 2003.

Household Characteristics	Mean	SD
Out-of-pocket health expenditure (kyats)	2632	7476
Aggregate expenditure (kyats)	42 098	32 190
Catastrophic OOP expenditure (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.41	49.20
Households reporting borrowing/asset sales (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.05	0.23
Rural (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.75	0.43
Household with elderly member (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.35	0.48
Household with under-5 child (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.32	0.47
Household with pregnant woman (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.03	0.18
Household size	4.80	2.03
Female head of household (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.18	0.38
Educational attainment of household head
Illiterate (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.46	0.50
Primary and secondary (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.46	0.50
High school and above (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.08	0.27
Bamar (ethnic majority) (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.72	0.45
“Bad/very bad” self-reported health (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.03	0.16
Household member with chronic illness (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.04	0.20
Use insecticide-treated bed-net (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)	0.01	0.09

Authors’ (sample-weighted) estimates using WHS data for Myanmar. The total number of observations is 6045. Persons aged 60 years and over are defined as elderly. Catastrophic spending is defined as OOP exceeding 40% of a household’s capacity to pay (or the difference between household expenditure and the poverty line level of expenditure as per the national poverty line). Note that the means for indicator variables (taking values 0 or 1) in Table 1 can be translated into percentage terms by multiplying by 100.