Table 3.
Summary of Studies
| Study | Type | Country | Sample Size | Age at the Time of the Study |
Time Post-partum |
Non-PE Group | Inclusion Criteria (at Index Pregnancy) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PE | Non-PE | All Primi- parous |
Only Non- smokers |
No Chronic Hypertension |
||||||
| Lazdam 2012 (un-published data from authors)23 | Cross-sectional | UK | Early: 58, Late: 75 | 101 | PE: 40 ± 5 non-PE: 41 ± 3 |
Early PE: 9 ± 2 Late PE: 10 ± 2 non-PE: 9 ± 2 |
No hypertension, proteinuria or IUGR in index pregnancy | − | − | + No chronic HTN at the time of pregnancy |
| Christensen 201624 | Nested cohort | Denmark | 20 | 20 | PE: 41 ± 3 non-PE: 41 ± 2 |
10 years | Previous normotensive pregnancy, no history of PE, GH, HELLP or eclampsia | − | Unclear | Unclear |
| Sandvik 201325 | Cross-sectional | Norway | 89 | 69 | PE: 38 ± 4 non-PE: 39 ± 5 |
10.9 ± 1.0 years | No preeclampsia | + | − | No essential HTN before 1st pregnancy |
| Akhter 201426 | Cross-sectional | Sweden | Severe PE: 42 | 44 | PE: 44 ± 3 non-PE: 44 ± 3 |
11 ± 5 years since last delivery | ≥1 normal pregnancy with term delivery of AGA infant | − | − | + |
| Andersgaard 201227 | Cross-sectional | Norway | 250 | 1,778 | No hypertension or proteinuria in previous pregnancies | − | − | − | ||
| McDonald 201328 | Nested cohort | Canada | 109 | 218 | PE: 49 (44–55) non-PE: 49 (45–56) median (IQR) |
median of 20 years after 1st pregnancy | No preeclampsia in any pregnancy | − | − | + |
| Brown 201529 | Cross-sectional | UK (Scotland) | 64 | 60 | 52 ± 8 | 10–30 years | Previous normotensive pregnancy | Unclear | − | + |
| Huakkamma 200930 | Cross-sectional | Finland | 35 | 489 | PE: 57 ± 7 non-PE: 57 ± 8 |
Healthy women, ≥ 1 birth, no history of GDM, PE, HTN, proteinuria before or during any pregnancy | − | − | − | |
| Garovic 2016 (current study) | Cross-sectional | USA | 40 | 40 | PE: 59 ± 5 non-PE: 60 ± 5 |
PE: 35 (33, 37) years non-PE: 35 (34, 37) years median (IQR) |
Previous normotensive pregnancy | − | − | + |
| Collen 201331 | Nested cohort | Sweden | 31 | 55 | PE: 65 ± 6 non-PE: 63 ± 5 |
PE: 39.5 years non-PE: 39.6 years |
Previous normal pregnancy | − | Unclear | Unclear |
“−“ indicates that the criteria were not met (i.e. study included multiparous women, smokers, or women with chronic hypertension at the time of the index pregnancy). “+” indicates that the criteria were met.
Abbreviations: AGA, appropriate gestational age; GDM, gestational diabetes; GH, gestational hypertension; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets; HTN, hypertension; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; PE, preeclampsia