Table 2. Summary of comparative outcomes for peripheral circulating cytokine measurements.
| Cytokine | No.of studies | No.with DS/Controls | Main effects | Heterogeneity | Publication Bias | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hedges g (95% CI) | z Score | P Value | Q Statistic | df | P Value | I2 Statistic | Egger Intercept | P Value | |||
| IL-1β | 7 | 191/184 | 0.696 (0.149 to 1.242) | 2.497 | .013 | 37.211 | 6 | < .001 | 83.876 | 2.41 | .55 |
| IL-4 | 4 | 76/81 | 1.041 (–0.394 to 2.477) | 1.422 | .155 | 44.097 | 3 | < .001 | 93.197 | –4.88 | .71 |
| IL-6 | 9 | 307/263 | 0.665 (–0.260 to 1.591) | 1.409 | .159 | 190.392 | 8 | < .001 | 95.798 | –1.42 | .85 |
| IL-8 | 4 | 154/139 | 0.291 (–0.249 to 0.831) | 1.056 | .291 | 14.706 | 3 | .002 | 79.600 | –4.24 | .47 |
| IL-10 | 6 | 179/175 | –0.169 (–0.970 to 0.633) | –0.413 | .68 | 63.282 | 5 | < .001 | 92.099 | –4.76 | .44 |
| INF-γ | 7 | 178/182 | 0.978 (0.417 to 1.539) | 3.417 | .001 | 35.686 | 6 | < .001 | 83.187 | 3.85 | .29 |
| Neopterin | 5 | 567/171 | 0.815 (0.423 to 1.207) | 4.075 | < .001 | 15.471 | 4 | .004 | 74.146 | 0.21 | .97 |
| TNF-α | 9 | 262/255 | 1.045 (0.192 to 1.898) | 2.4 | .016 | 152.717 | 8 | < .001 | 94.762 | 8.95 | .13 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DS, Down syndrome; TNF, tumor necrosis factor-α; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; df, degree of freedom; Q, Cochran's Q test; z (test of null hypothesis); p (statistical significance); I2 (heterogeneity level).