Table 3. Comparison of characteristics with ME status.
| Variable | Without ME | With ME | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 136 | 46 | |
| Sex | 0.027 | ||
| Male | 74 (54.4) | 16 (34.8) | |
| Female | 62 (45.6) | 30 (65.2) | |
| Age, yr | 66.5±12 | 63.5±15.5 | 0.049 |
| Duration of DM, yr | 21±7.5 | 23.5±7 | 0.037 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.6±3.95 | 23.95±4.83 | 0.412 |
| Body weight, kg | 64.76±10.27 | 60.6±8.93 | 0.015 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 127.96±14.75 | 124.63±14.09 | 0.182 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin, % | 7.75±1.82 | 8.25±2.35 | 0.029 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 145.5±68.75 | 166±73.5 | 0.590 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 97±38.5 | 96.5±40.25 | 0.561 |
| Urine microalbumin, µg/mg Cr | 11.45±27.55 | 32.45±210.03 | 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8±0.4 | 0.8±0.38 | 0.477 |
| Creatinine clearance, mL/min | 93.91±38.09 | 84±34.9 | 0.121 |
| Alanine transaminase, U/L | 18±12 | 14±5 | <0.001 |
| γ-Glutamyltransferase, U/L | 26±19 | 19±12 | 0.001 |
| Physical activity and habits | |||
| Alcohol use | 0.066 | ||
| Never | 72 (52.9) | 33 (71.7) | |
| Former | 18 (13.2) | 5 (10.9) | |
| Current | 46 (33.8) | 8 (17.4) | |
| Smoking status | 0.538 | ||
| Never | 78 (57.4) | 30 (65.2) | |
| Former | 34 (25) | 8 (17.4) | |
| Current | 24 (17.6) | 8 (17.4) | |
| Daily activity within a year | 0.056 | ||
| Nearly bed-ridden | 6 (4.4) | 3 (6.5) | |
| Light | 65 (47.8) | 30 (65.2) | |
| Moderate | 55 (40.4) | 13 (28.3) | |
| Heavy | 10 (7.4) | 0 | |
| Regular exercise, times/week | 3±5.5 | 1.5±5 | 0.171 |
| Family history | |||
| DM | 90 (68) | 34 (75.6) | 0.451 |
| Hypertension | 51 (44.7) | 24 (60) | 0.103 |
| Dyslipidemia | 8 (8.4) | 2 (7.7) | 1.000 |
| Obesity | 28 (20.9) | 16 (34.8) | 0.074 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2 (1.5) | 7 (15.9) | 0.001 |
| Stroke | 21 (15.8) | 4 (9.1) | 0.327 |
| Cancer | 34 (25.2) | 11 (25) | 1.000 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. P value for the chi-square test comparing the groups with and without ME. Statistical comparisons were performed using the chi-square test (nominal data) or the Mann-Whitney U test (continuous data).
ME, macular edema; DM, diabetes mellitus; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.