Table 4. Comparison of the underlying comorbidities and medication use with the presence of ME.
| Variable | Without ME | With ME | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension | 111 (81.6) | 38 (82.6) | 1.000 |
| Dyslipidemia | 96 (70.6) | 29 (63.0) | 0.362 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1 (0.7) | 0 | 1.000 |
| Angina | 13 (9.6) | 7 (15.2) | 0.286 |
| Heart failure | 2 (1.5) | 2 (4.3) | 0.265 |
| Stroke (hemorrhage) | 3 (2.2) | 0 | 0.573 |
| Stroke (infarction) | 20 (14.7) | 5 (10.9) | 0.573 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 10 (7.4) | 5 (10.9) | 0.535 |
| Hospitalization within past year | 31 (22.8) | 18 (39.1) | 0.036 |
| Operation within past year | 14 (10.3) | 14 (30.4) | 0.002 |
| Microvascular complication | |||
| Retinopathy | 69 (50.7) | 42 (91.3) | <0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria | 53 (39.0) | 26 (56.5) | 0.041 |
| Overt proteinuria | 23 (16.9) | 15 (32.6) | 0.035 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 25 (18.4) | 10 (21.7) | 0.666 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 61 (44.9) | 27 (60) | 0.087 |
| Autonomic neuropathy | 38 (29.5) | 18 (42.9) | 0.131 |
| Medications | |||
| Metformin | 94 (69.1) | 30 (65.2) | 0.715 |
| Sulfonylurea | 84 (61.8) | 22 (47.8) | 0.120 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 43 (31.6) | 11 (23.9) | 0.356 |
| Meglitinide | 4 (2.9) | 4 (8.7) | 0.113 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 4 (2.9) | 3 (6.5) | 0.371 |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 1.000 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor | 0 | 0 | - |
| GLP-1 agonist | 0 | 0 | - |
| Rapid-acting insulin | 15 (11.0) | 12 (26.1) | 0.017 |
| Long-acting insulin | 47 (34.6) | 19 (41.3) | 0.479 |
| Premixed insulin | 28 (20.6) | 10 (21.7) | 0.837 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 70 (51.5) | 19 (41.3) | 0.306 |
| ACEi | 10 (7.4) | 7 (15.2) | 0.142 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 49 (36.0) | 16 (34.8) | 1.000 |
| Diuretics | 17 (12.5) | 5 (10.9) | 1.000 |
| β-Blockers | 17 (12.5) | 5 (10.9) | 1.000 |
| Statin | 72 (52.9) | 28 (60.9) | 0.394 |
| Aspirin | 31 (22.8) | 7 (15.2) | 0.304 |
| Clopidogrel | 22 (16.2) | 5 (10.9) | 0.477 |
| Cilostazol | 55 (40.4) | 14 (30.4) | 0.292 |
Values are presented as number (%). P value for the chi-square test comparing the groups with and without ME. Statistical comparisons were performed using the chi-square test (nominal data) or the Mann-Whitney U test (continuous data).
ME, macular edema; SGLT-2, sodium/glucose co-transporter 2; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.