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. 2017 Oct 31;7:14423. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13759-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Solid state AFM images of Aβ aggregates. AFM images were recorded for 100 µM Aβ(1–40) peptides in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.35 with various combinations of 1000 µM aromatic hydrocarbons, metal ions, and nicotine, incubated for 6 hours (200 rpm) at +37 °C in Eppendorf tubes before dilution on a mica surface. (A) Aβ control in buffer and DMSO; (B) Aβ and toluene; (C) Aβ and naphthalene; (D) Aβ and phenanthrene; (E) Aβ and pyrene; (F) Aβ and B[a]P; (G) Aβ control in buffer; (H) Aβ and Cd(II) ions; (I) Aβ and Cr(III) ions; (J) Aβ and Pb(II) ions; (K) Aβ and Pb(IV) ions; (L) Aβ and Pb(IV) ions; (M) Aβ and (-)-nicotine; (N) Aβ, Cr(III) ions and naphthalene; (O) Aβ, Cr(III) ions and phenanthrene.