Table 1.
Clinicopathological features of reviewed cases.
| Reference | Adapa et al. (5) | Chan et al. (6) | Chan et al. (6) | Maldi et al. (7) | Chirila et al. (8) | Bishop et al. (4) | Bishop et al. (4) | Present case |
| Age | 9 | 23 | 67 | 66 | 48 | 19 | 36 | 34 |
| Sex | F | M | F | M | M | M | F | M |
| Tumor presentation | Smooth, non-tender, rubbery mass | Asymptomatic right neck mass | Increase of a previously observed nodule | Single nodule discovered in a follow-up PET scan after treatment of B-cell lymphoma | Acute obstructive respiratory failure secondary to thyroid swelling | Growing neck mass | Goiter | Fast-growing hard mass |
| Lymph nodes | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | N/A | N/A | N/A | (−) |
| Ultrasound | Solid, heterogenous, hypervascular mass. Left lobe and isthmus normal | 47 mm right thyroid mass | Increase from 4 to 40 mm | Solid 45 mm heterogenous, hypervascular | N/A | N/A | N/A | Pathological mass filling the whole left lobe 79 mm × 44 mm × 84 mm |
| Computed-tomography/MRI | Heterogenous mass with peripheral enhancement. Displacement of trachea, compression of IJV | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Pathological mass 58 mm × 60 mm. Deviation of trachea. Non-specific lymph nodes in neck and upper mediastinum |
| Dissemination | (−) | (−) | (−) | N/A | Metastases to brain after 1 month | (−) | (−) | (−) |
| Thyroid function tests | Normal | Normal | N/A | Normal | N/A | N/A | N/A | Normal |
| Fine needle biopsy | Suggestion of hematologic malignancy with nodal involvement | Not performed | Follicular neoplasm or lesion suspicious for follicular neoplasm | Thyroid localization of lymphoma | Giant B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma | N/A | N/A | Small-cell malignant neoplasm, most likely of hematologic origin |
| Core needle biopsy/postoperative pathology | N/A | Round epithelioid cells arranged in nests; tumor cells mixed with normal parenchyma or forming nests with no thyroid parenchyma; round to elongated nuclei with stippled chromatin; extensive angiolymphatic invasion | N/A | Malignant tumor of possible neuroectodermal origin | Extraosseous Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor | Uniform small cells; areas of nested growth with prominent fibrosis separating tumor lobules; colonization of underlying follicles; zones of microcystic growth set in a prominent myxoid stroma | Uniform small cells; areas of nested growth with prominent fibrosis separating tumor lobules; colonization of underlying follicles | Small-blue-round-cell tumor suggesting Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor |
| IHC | Vimentin (+) NSE (+) CD99/O13 (+) hematopoietic markers (−) | CD99 (+) synaptophysin (+) chromogranin (+) TTF (−) PAX8 (−) CK7 (−) CK20 (−) CK56 (−) CEA (−) desmin (−) | CD99 (+) vimentin (+) pankeratin (+) AE1/3 (+) TTF (−) PAX8 (−) CEA (−) calcitonin (−) CD56 (−) CK7 (−) CK20 (−) CK5/6 (−) chromogranin (−) synaptophysin (−) | Vimentin (+) CD99 (+) NSE (+) synaptophysin (+) | N/A | CD 99 (+) CK (+) synaptophysin (−) chromogranin (−) S100 (focally+) actin (focally+) desmin (−) NUT-1 (−) | CD 99 (+) CK (+) synaptophysin (+) chromogranin (focally+) S100 (−) actin (−) desmin (−) | Synaptophysin (+) CD99 (+) PAS (+) CKAE1/AE3 (+) Cam 5.2 (+) TTF1 (−) calcitonin (−) Bcl2 (−) LCA (−) |
| ESWR1 translocation | (+) | (+) | (+) | (+) | N/A | (+) | (+) | (+) |
| Surgery | Right isthmolobectomy with resection of strap muscles | Thyroidectomy followed by lateral and central neck dissection | Right lobectomy followed by complete left thyroidectomy | Total thyroidectomy | Nearly complete resection of the tumor with laryngectomy and resection of five tracheal rings | Performed, not otherwise specified | Performed, not otherwise specified | Left isthmolobectomy with cervical lymphadenectomy |
| Chemotherapy | Vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, iphosphamide, etoposide, and mesna | Vincristine, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, etoposide | Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, ifosfamide, mesna, etoposide | None | CHOP primary lymphoma diagnosis, etoposide, and carboplatin | N/A | N/A | Doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, iphosphamide, etoposide, and mesna |
| Pre/postsurgery | Presurgery | Postsurgery | Postsurgery | Disqualified because of significant comorbidities | Postsurgery | Postsurgery | Postsurgery | Presurgery |
| Response to treatment | Good | N/A | Good | Metastases in follow-up | Died from brain metastases after one cycle | Awaiting chemotherapy | Awaiting chemotherapy | Complete clinical response |
| Follow up | 6 years | N/A | 22 months | 8 months | 1 month | 0 month | 0 month | 18 months |
| Radiotherapy | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | N/A | N/A | Not completed |
(+), positive result.
(−), negative result.
N/A, information not available.