Table 1.
Characteristics | Entire sample N = 96 (%) |
Has past CJS involvement N = 54 (%) |
No past CJS involvement N = 41 (%) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age (in years) | 28.4 | 31.37 | 24.39 | < .001 |
Male | 96 (100) | 54 (56.3) | 41 (42.71) | |
Ethnicity | .96 | |||
Malay | 92 (95.8) | 52 (96.3) | 39 (95.1) | |
Chinese | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.4) | |
Other | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.4) | |
Marital status | .13 | |||
Married | 22 (22.9) | 11 (20.4) | 11 (26.8) | |
Widowed | 7 (7.3) | 6 (11.1) | 1 (2.4) | |
Single | 37 (38.5) | 22 (40.7) | 14 (34.1) | |
Have a partner, but not married | 27 (28.1) | 12 (22.2) | 15 (36.6) | |
Education | .75 | |||
Primary | 7 (7.3) | 3 (5.6) | 3 (7.3) | |
Lower secondary | 23 (24.0) | 12 (22.2) | 11 (26.8) | |
Higher secondary or higher | 57 (59.4) | 34 (63) | 23 (56.1) | |
Higher education | 8 (8.3) | 5 (9.3) | 3 (7.3) | |
Employment | ||||
Mean monthly income (RM) | 702.90 | 700.38 | 706.10 | .96 |
Currently employed | 48 (50) | 24 (44.4) | 24 (58.5) | .22b |
Mean time in C&C in days | 287 | 336.7 | 226.1 | .07 |
Self-reported Medical Comorbiditiesb | ||||
Asthma | 16 (16.7) | 8 (14.8) | 8 (19.5) | .59 |
Hepatitis C | 9 (9.4) | 8 (14.8) | 1 (2.5) | .07 |
HIV | 7 (7.3) | 6 (11.1) | 1 (2.5) | < .05 |
Tuberculosis | 5 (5.2) | 5 (9.3) | 0 (0) | .07 |
Hepatitis B | 5 (5.2) | 5 (9.3) | 0 (0) | .07 |
Depression | 3 (3.2) | 2 (3.8) | 1 (2.4) | .50 |
Ever received an HIV test | 82 (85.4) | 50 (92.6) | 31 (75.6) | < .05 |
Substances used at least once during lifetimeb | ||||
Opioids (heroin, opium, codeine, pethadine, morphine) | 50 (52.1) | 41 (75.9) | 8 (19.5) | < .001 |
Amphetamines (syabu, meth, ice, pilkuda) | 86 (89.6) | 47 (87) | 39 (95.1) | .29 |
Subutex, suboxone | 16 (16.7) | 13 (24.1) | 3 (19.5) | .05 |
Alcohol | 58 (60.4) | 38 (70.4) | 19 (46.3) | < .05 |
Benzos, dormi, somise, clona, apoten, valium, xanax, stilnos, eramin | 18 (18.8) | 14 (25.9) | 4 (9.8) | .06 |
Ketamine (Vitamin “K”) | 7 (7.4) | 6 (11.3) | 1 (2.4) | .13 |
Cannabis | 39 (41.5) | 29 (54.7) | 10 (24.4) | < .01 |
Ketum | 16 (16.8) | 11 (20.8) | 4 (9.8) | .17 |
Drug of Choice | ||||
Opioids (heroin, opium, codeine, pethadine, morphine) | 39 (48.6) | 33 (61.1) | 5 (12.2) | |
Amphetamines (syabu, meth, ice, pilkuda) | 56 (58.3) | 21 (38.9) | 35 (85.4) | |
Alcohol | 1 (1.04) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.44) | |
Has ever injected drugsb | 27 (28.1) | 22 (40.7) | 4 (9.8) | < .01 |
Mean number of days that substances were used in 30 days prior to coming to C & Cb,c | ||||
Opioids (heroin, opium, codeine, pethadine, morphine) | 20.24 | 20.84 | 17.57 | .56 |
Amphetamines (syabu, meth, ice, pilkuda) | 9.24 | 8.32 | 10.37 | .43 |
Subutex, suboxone | 4.06 | 2.69 | 10.0 | .54 |
Alcohol | 2.97 | 2.26 | 4.53 | .27 |
Benzos, dormi, somise, clona, apoten, valium, xanax, stilnos, eramin | 4.56 | 3.43 | 8.50 | .35 |
Ketamine (Vitamin “K”) | 5.29 | 5.00 | 7.00 | .83 |
Cannabis | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.80 | .83 |
Ketum | 4.19 | 2.73 | 8.50 | .57 |
Mean number of days that substances were used in the past 30 daysb,c | ||||
Opioids (heroin, opium, codeine, pethadine, morphine) | 0.84 | 1.03 | 0.00 | < .05 |
Amphetamines (syabu, meth, ice, pilkuda) | 0.84 | 1.36 | 0.18 | .11 |
Subutex, suboxone | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Alcohol | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.26 | .33d |
Benzos, dormi, somise, clona, apoten, valium, xanax, stilnos, eramin | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Ketamine (Vitamin “K”) | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.00 | .65 d |
Cannabis | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Boldface indicates p-values that are statistically significant.
One person did not respond to the question on previous detention.
Significance value was based on Fisher’s Exact Test.
The mean number of days was only calculated for those who reported using these drugs during that time period.
Significance could not be computed.