Table 2.

Available agents or strategies for the management of BMS based on expert opinion and common clinical practice. Adapted from [2].

Pharmacological agents

(1) Topical

(i) Clonazepam

(ii) Capsaicin

(iii) Doxepin

(iv) Lidocaine

(2) Systemic

(i) Tricyclic antidepressants

(ii) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

(iii) Serotonin-adrenalin reuptake inhibitors

(iv) Anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin)

(v) Opioids

(vi) Benzodiazepines

(vii) Alpha-lipoic acid

Nonpharmacological therapy

(1) Cognitive-behavioural therapy

(2) Mindfulness meditation

(3) Other relaxation techniques