Table 2.
Characteristics of participants.
| Number of participants | 64 | Male | Female | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 (50.0%) | 32 (50.0%) | |||
| Age (yr) | 39.2 ± 3.2 | 38.8 ± 3.2 | 39.7 ± 3.2 | 0.2588 |
| CPS | 20.0 ± 3.6 | 18.9 ± 3.3 | 21.1 ± 3.5 | 0.0126 |
| L ∗ (a.u.) | ||||
| Whole face | 65.5 ± 3.2 | 64.4 ± 3.8 | 66.5 ± 2.0 | 0.0085 |
| Forehead | 73.3 ± 3.8 | 74.1 ± 4.3 | 72.5 ± 3.3 | 0.1053 |
| Upper cheek | 66.0 ± 3.5 | 129.1 ± 7.6 | 135.1 ± 4.7 | 0.0004 |
| Lower cheek | 60.7 ± 3.3 | 119.7 ± 7.8 | 123.0 ± 5.0 | 0.0515 |
| Nose | 78.0 ± 3.8 | 77.5 ± 4.3 | 78.6 ± 3.3 | 0.2404 |
| Chin | 57.5 ± 5.2 | 55.2 ± 4.9 | 59.9 ± 4.5 | 0.0002 |
| Lip | 46.2 ± 3.7 | 45.6 ± 4.7 | 46.7 ± 2.5 | 0.2686 |
| a ∗ (a.u.) | ||||
| Whole face | 13.0 ± 1.5 | 13.5 ± 1.6 | 12.4 ± 1.2 | 0.0018 |
| Forehead | 11.3 ± 1.9 | 11.6 ± 2.1 | 11.1 ± 1.6 | 0.3374 |
| Upper cheek | 14.8 ± 1.7 | 31.1 ± 3.5 | 28.3 ± 2.8 | 0.0008 |
| Lower cheek | 15.0 ± 1.7 | 30.4 ± 3.5 | 29.4 ± 3.0 | 0.2158 |
| Nose | 11.8 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 2.2 | 11.2 ± 1.6 | 0.0134 |
| Chin | 16.9 ± 2.1 | 17.0 ± 2.1 | 16.9 ± 2.2 | 0.9203 |
| Lip | 24.2 ± 2.4 | 23.7 ± 2.1 | 24.6 ± 2.6 | 0.1331 |
| b ∗ (a.u.) | ||||
| Whole face | 22.2 ± 2.2 | 21.3 ± 2.2 | 23.1 ± 1.8 | 0.0009 |
| Forehead | 24.2 ± 2.8 | 23.3 ± 2.7 | 25.2 ± 2.6 | 0.0041 |
| Upper cheek | 22.8 ± 2.3 | 44.3 ± 4.8 | 46.9 ± 4.2 | 0.0242 |
| Lower cheek | 23.0 ± 2.4 | 45.0 ± 5.2 | 47.0 ± 4.3 | 0.0970 |
| Nose | 20.5 ± 2.9 | 19.6 ± 2.6 | 21.4 ± 3.0 | 0.0131 |
| Chin | 22.2 ± 3.0 | 20.9 ± 2.8 | 23.4 ± 2.6 | 0.0004 |
| Lip | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 11.9 ± 2.1 | 12.7 ± 1.3 | 0.0831 |
CPS, cold pattern score; L∗, light (+) to dark (−); a∗, red (+) to green (−); b∗, yellow (+) to blue (−). Statistically significant differences between group means as determined by one-way ANOVA are in bold.