Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current participation in regular leisure-time physical activitya | Current participation in regular leisure-time physical activitya | |||||
| Characteristics | Yes | No | pb | Yes | No | pb |
| N | 33 | 271 | 42 | 534 | ||
| Age [years], mean ± SD | 43.1 ± 11.1 | 39.8 ± 10.4 | 0.18 | 39.5 ± 12.0 | 36.5 ± 11.3 | 0.099 |
| Body mass index [kg/m2], mean ± SD | 23.2 ± 2.9 | 23.6 ± 4.0 | 0.78 | 23.6 ± 4.0 | 21.5 ± 3.7 | 0.75 |
| Monthly overtime hours [hours], mean ± SD | 27.7 ± 26.1 | 35.1 ± 27.3 | 0.16 | 6.4 ± 5.2 | 8.7 ± 11.2 | 0.80 |
| Sleep duration [hours], mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 1.0 | 0.48 | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 0.20 |
| Number of holidays [days/month], mean ± SD | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 7.1 ± 2.0 | 0.16 | 9.7 ± 3.0 | 9.0 ± 2.2 | 0.025 |
| Length of service [years], mean ± SD | 15.8 ± 11.4 | 15.7 ± 10.4 | 0.86 | 13.4 ± 9.9 | 12.5 ± 10.1 | 0.39 |
| GHQ-12 score, mean ± SD | 3.5 ± 3.2 | 3.8 ± 3.4 | 0.69 | 4.1 ± 3.6 | 4.0 ± 3.3 | 0.99 |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.58 | 1.00 | ||||
| High school graduate | 10 (32.3) | 80 (31.6) | 6 (15.4) | 77 (14.8) | ||
| Junior/technical college graduate | 8 (25.8) | 48 (19.0) | 26 (66.7) | 351 (67.4) | ||
| University degree or higher | 13 (41.9) | 125 (49.4) | 7 (18.0) | 93 (17.9) | ||
| Married, n (%) | 22 (66.7) | 186 (69.9) | 0.69 | 22 (55.0) | 263 (49.6) | 0.62 |
| Night-shift worker, n (%) | 13 (40.6) | 74 (28.4) | 0.16 | 32 (78.1) | 392 (74.8) | 0.71 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 7 (21.9) | 106 (40.0) | 0.054 | 8 (19.5) | 56 (10.7) | 0.12 |
| Regular drinker, n (%) | 14 (43.8) | 125 (46.8) | 0.85 | 11 (26.8) | 111 (21.3) | 0.43 |
| Any unusual item in the results of the latest physical examination, n (%) | 17 (54.8) | 141 (56.4) | 1.00 | 19 (45.2) | 222 (45.5) | 1.00 |
| History of type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 1 (3.3) | 12 (5.3) | 1.00 | 1 (2.8) | 8 (1.8) | 0.50 |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 6 (19.4) | 35 (15.1) | 0.60 | 2 (5.6) | 33 (7.3) | 1.00 |
| History of depression, n (%) | 3 (10.0) | 11 (4.9) | 0.22 | 2 (5.6) | 15 (3.3) | 0.36 |
Number of subjects varied across variables as a result of missing information
GHQ-12 General Health Questionnaire 12-item scale [28], SD standard deviation
aDefined as exercising at least twice a week for 30 min per session for more than 1 year
bWilcoxon rank sum test used for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact probability test used for categorical variables