Table 2.
The mean total scores and diet quality index component of HEI-2005 and HEI-2010 according to gender, age group, education level and obesity status of individuals
| Gender | Education level (years) | Age group (years) | BMI classification | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | ≤8 | >8 | 19-30 | 31-50 | >51 | Underweight | Normal | Overweight | |
| (n:183) | (n:311) | (n:202) | (n:292) | (n:236) | (n:226) | (n:32) | (n:24) | (n:245) | (n:225) | |
| HEI-2005 | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| Total fruit | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 2.0* | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 2.4 ± 2.0a | 2.5 ± 1.9a,b | 3.2 ± 1.8b | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 2.6 ± 1.9 |
| Whole fruit | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 3.4 ± 2.0 | 2.9 ± 2.2* | 2.9 ± 2.2a | 3.2 ± 2.1b | 4.0 ± 1.8b | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 3.4 ± 2.0 |
| Total vegetables | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.8* | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.8 |
| Dark green and orange vegetables and legumes | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 2.1* | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 2.2 ± 2.0* | 1.9 ± 1.9a | 2.8 ± 2.0b | 3.4 ± 2.1b | 1.7 ± 1.9a | 1.9 ± 1.9a | 2.9 ± 2.1b |
| Whole grains | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.6* | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.6 |
| Total grains | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.3 |
| Milk | 2.9 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 2.9 | 3.2 ± 2.9 | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 2.8 ± 2.6a | 3.6 ± 2.8b | 4.0 ± 3.1b | 2.2 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.6 | 3.5 ± 2.9 |
| Meat and beans | 6.6 ± 3.7 | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 6.3 ± 4.0 | 6.6 ± 3.7 | 6.3 ± 3.9 | 6.7 ± 3.8 | 5.9 ± 4.1 | 6.5 ± 3.7 | 6.2 ± 3.8 | 6.7 ± 3.9 |
| Oils | 6.9 ± 4.6 | 7.6 ± 4.3 | 7.5 ± 4.4 | 7.2 ± 4.5 | 6.7 ± 4.7a | 7.8 ± 4.2b | 8.8 ± 3.4b | 7.5 ± 4.4a,b | 6.8 ± 4.7a | 7.9 ± 4.1b |
| Saturated fats | 6.9 ± 2.1 | 6.8 ± 2.0 | 6.9 ± 1.9 | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 6.5 ± 2.0a | 7.0 ± 2.0b | 7.6 ± 1.9b | 6.3 ± 1.9a,b | 6.5 ± 2.0a | 7.2 ± 2.0b |
| Sodium | 2.3 ± 3.6 | 4.1 ± 4.3* | 4.1 ± 4.2 | 2.9 ± 4.0* | 3.6 ± 4.2 | 3.1 ± 4.1 | 4.0 ± 4.2 | 4.8 ± 4.4 | 3.7 ± 4.1 | 3.0 ± 4.1 |
| Calories from SOFAAS | 13.4 ± 8.9 | 16.6 ± 7.0* | 16.1 ± 7.5 | 14.9 ± 8.2 | 13.9 ± 8.7a | 16.6 ± 7.0b | 18.0 ± 5.9b | 14.9 ± 8.5 | 14.7 ± 8.3 | 16.3 ± 7.4 |
| Total HEI-2005 score | 54.6 ± 16.4 | 62.9 ± 15.0* | 58.3 ± 13.6 | 54.7 ± 14.0* | 52.8 ± 14.9a | 58.5 ± 12.5b | 64.0 ± 8.7b | 55.4 ± 9.2a,b | 53.9 ± 14.7a | 58.6 ± 13.1b |
| HEI-2010 | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| Total fruit | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 2.0* | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 2.4 ± 2.0a | 2.5 ± 1.9a,b | 3.2 ± 1.8b | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | 2.6 ± 1.9 |
| Whole fruit | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 3.4 ± 2.0 | 2.9 ± 2.2* | 2.9 ± 2.2a | 3.2 ± 2.1b | 4.0 ± 1.8b | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 3.4 ± 2.0 |
| Total vegetables | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.8* | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.8 |
| Greens and beans | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 2.1* | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 2.1* | 2.7 ± 2.1a | 3.3 ± 2.0b | 3.9 ± 1.8b | 2.7 ± 2.3a,b | 2.7 ± 2.1a | 3.4 ± 1.9b |
| Whole grains | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.3 |
| Dairy | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 2.4 ± 1.7a | 2.9 ± 1.8b | 3.2 ± 1.9b | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 1.8 |
| Total protein foods | 3.6 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 3.5 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 1.7 |
| Seafood and plant proteins | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 3.4 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 2.2a | 3.8 ± 1.9b | 4.3 ± 1.6b | 3.07 ± 2.3a,b | 3.3 ± 2.2a | 3.9 ± 1.9b |
| Fatty acids | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 1.2* | 0.2 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 1.1 |
| Refined grains | 0.9 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 2.1* | 1.2 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 2.0 | 1.4 ± 2.0 | 1.3 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 2.4a | 1.3 ± 1.9b | 1.3 ± 1.9b |
| Sodium | 2.3 ± 3.6 | 4.1 ± 4.3* | 4.1 ± 4.2 | 2.9 ± 4.0* | 3.6 ± 4.2 | 3.1 ± 4.1 | 4.0 ± 4.2 | 4.8 ± 4.4 | 3.7 ± 4.1 | 3.0 ± 4.1 |
| Empty calories | 13.3 ± 8.9 | 16.5 ± 7.0* | 15.9 ± 7.5 | 14.8 ± 8.2 | 13.8 ± 8.7a | 16.5 ± 7.0b | 17.9 ± 5.9b | 14.7 ± 8.4 | 14.5 ± 8.3 | 16.2 ± 7.4 |
| Total HEI-2010 score | 37.4 ± 15.3 | 46.1 ± 13.9* | 43.9 ± 13.2 | 40.0 ± 13.9* | 38.7 ± 14.6a | 43.6 ± 12.4b | 48.9 ± 10.3b | 41.5 ± 9.5a,b | 39.7 ± 14.4a | 43.7 ± 13.1b |
*p < 0.05 for the data classified into two categories, ANOVA
a,bDifferent characters p < 0.05, same characters p > 0.05 for the data classified into three categories