Table 10.

Findings from the Sapporo and Hokkaido cohorts on the relationships between exposures and allergies and infectious diseases

Exposures	Outcome	Number	Findings	Reference
Sapporo cohort
Dioxins	Otitis media	364	Polychlorinated dibenzofuran was associated with increased risk among male infants (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1–5.9). 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-furan was associated with increased risk of otitis media (OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.5–19).	[53]
PFASs	Cord IgE/infectious disease	343	Cord IgE levels decreased with high maternal PFOA concentration among females. No associations among maternal PFOS and PFOA levels and food allergy, eczema, wheezing, or otitis media in the 18-month-old infants.	[54]
Hokkaido cohort
PFASs	Eczema	2063	At 24 months, the risk in association with higher maternal PFTrDA levels decreased (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45–0.86).	[32]
	Total allergic diseases/eczema/wheezing	1558	ORs in the Q4 vs. Q1 for total allergic diseases decreased for PFDoDA (OR 0.621, 95% CI 0.454–0.847) and PFTrDA (OR 0.712, 95% CI 0.524–0.966). OR (Q4 vs. Q1) for wheezing in relation to higher maternal PFHxS levels was 0.728 (95% CI 0.497–1.06).	[56]
	Infectious diseases	1558	PFHxS was associated with higher risk of total infections disease among girls (Q1 vs. Q4: OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.976–2.45).	[55]

IgE immunoglobulin E, Q quartile, OR odds ratio, PFASs perfluorinated alkyl substances, PFDoDA perfluorododecanoic acid, PFHxS perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFOA perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS perfluorooctanoic sulfonate, PFTrDA perfluorotridecanoic acid, CI confidence interval