Table 1.
Summaries of demographic characteristics (%) of 275,337 National Health Insurance Service- National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) subjects for 2002–2013 across quintiles of their long-term PM10 concentrations defined as 5-year averages calculated using annual average PM10 concentrations at residential addresses for 2002–2006 in South Korea.
| Characteristics | Number of Subjects | PM10 Concentration (µg/m3) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (39.2–72.1) |
Quintile 1 (39.2–49.3) |
Quintile 2 (49.3–53.9) |
Quintile 3 (53.9–59.5) |
Quintile 4 (59.5–61.9) |
Quintile 5 (61.9–72.1) |
|||
| Total | 275,337 | 100.0 | 19.8 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 20.5 | 19.9 | |
| Sex | Male | 149,735 | 54.4 | 53.3 | 54.2 | 54.9 | 55.0 | 54.5 |
| Female | 125,602 | 45.6 | 46.7 | 45.8 | 45.1 | 45.0 | 45.5 | |
| Age at baseline (years) | 20–24 | 24,943 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 8.6 |
| 25–29 | 31,843 | 11.6 | 8.5 | 10.4 | 12.9 | 13.3 | 12.6 | |
| 30–34 | 32,092 | 11.7 | 9.9 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 12.9 | 12.6 | |
| 35–39 | 35,837 | 13.0 | 12.4 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 13.6 | 13.2 | |
| 40–44 | 43,769 | 15.9 | 16.8 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 16.0 | 15.4 | |
| 45–49 | 35,816 | 13.0 | 13.7 | 12.8 | 13.2 | 12.6 | 12.6 | |
| 50–54 | 27,692 | 10.1 | 11.4 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 9.6 | |
| 55–59 | 22,072 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 8.1 | |
| 60–64 | 21,273 | 7.7 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 7.2 | |
| Income 1 (%) | <20 | 39,246 | 14.3 | 14.6 | 15.5 | 13.3 | 14.0 | 13.9 |
| 20–50 | 72,764 | 26.4 | 26.6 | 27.2 | 24.9 | 26.4 | 27.0 | |
| 50–80 | 93,126 | 33.8 | 33.2 | 34.1 | 33.0 | 34.5 | 34.4 | |
| >80 | 70,201 | 25.5 | 25.6 | 23.2 | 28.8 | 25.2 | 24.8 | |
| Type of health insurance | Self-insured | 94,475 | 34.3 | 37.0 | 35.1 | 32.3 | 32.1 | 35.2 |
| Employee-insured | 180,041 | 65.4 | 62.6 | 64.6 | 67.5 | 67.6 | 64.6 | |
| Medical aid | 821 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
| Smoking | Non-smoker | 179,428 | 65.2 | 67.5 | 66.3 | 64.9 | 63.3 | 64.0 |
| Ex-smoker | 13,092 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.8 | |
| Current smoker | 82,817 | 30.1 | 28.4 | 29.3 | 29.8 | 31.6 | 31.2 | |
| Alcohol use (>3 times/week) | 25,935 | 9.4 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 9.5 | |
| Exercise (<3 times/week) | 227,960 | 82.8 | 82.3 | 83.8 | 82.2 | 83.0 | 82.7 | |
| Obese (BMI > 25.0) | 83,894 | 30.5 | 31.3 | 30.5 | 29.2 | 30.0 | 31.4 | |
| Co-morbidity | Cardiovascular | 2377 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Hypertension | 13,681 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.1 | |
| Diabetes | 6919 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.6 | |
| Percent of the high school completed or more 2 | <46.6 | 63,688 | 23.1 | 50.7 | 40.3 | 11.6 | 3.0 | 10.4 |
| 46.6–51.9 | 68,075 | 24.7 | 16.4 | 40.6 | 23.7 | 19.9 | 22.9 | |
| 51.9–55.2 | 72,227 | 26.2 | 32.7 | 11.0 | 20.8 | 39.9 | 26.5 | |
| >55.2 | 71,347 | 25.9 | 0.2 | 8.1 | 43.9 | 37.2 | 40.3 | |
| Percent of the elderly 2 (>65 years) |
<4.8 | 71,231 | 25.9 | 14.1 | 20.3 | 27.0 | 47.0 | 20.4 |
| 4.8–6.0 | 70,978 | 25.8 | 10.6 | 16.3 | 38.9 | 28.3 | 35.0 | |
| 6.0–8.3 | 69,440 | 25.2 | 26.8 | 20.6 | 21.9 | 20.8 | 36.1 | |
| >8.3 | 63,688 | 23.1 | 48.5 | 42.8 | 12.2 | 4.0 | 8.5 | |
| GRDP 2,3
(per 1000 US dollar) |
<2,665,207 | 69,362 | 25.2 | 42.8 | 33.1 | 13.9 | 14.4 | 15.9 |
| 2,665,207–5,145,783 | 68,853 | 25.0 | 24.8 | 35.2 | 38.1 | 14.4 | 13.8 | |
| 5,145,783–10,085,624 | 99,362 | 36.1 | 20.2 | 17.5 | 39.6 | 50.6 | 57.5 | |
| >10,085,624 | 37,760 | 13.7 | 12.2 | 14.2 | 8.5 | 20.6 | 12.8 | |
| Cause of death | Non-accidental | 3796 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Cardiovascular | 720 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Cerebrovascular | 295 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Respiratory | 152 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | |
| Cancer | 2179 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Lung cancer | 461 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
1 NHIS-NSC provided income as percentiles (“The manual for User of the National Health Insurance Service of National Sample Cohort Database”). 2 Three area-level characteristics of subjects at baseline in 2002 and theses were categorized by those of quartiles. 3 The gross regional domestic product (GRDP, current year) in 2005.