Table 1.
Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, metabolic biomarkers, and endothelial function variables according to the categories of the DII.
| Characteristic | Anti-Inflammatory Diet (n = 13) | Pro-Inflammatory Diet (n = 77) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometry | |||
| Age (years) | 39.2 (7.2) | 39.8 (6.9) | 0.756 |
| Weight (kg) | 78.6 (13.7) | 79.9 (11.6) | 0.497 |
| Height (cm) | 164.3 (9.5) | 162.4 (7.7) | 0.206 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.3 (10.1) | 92.7 (9.3) | 0.815 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 105.9 (6.7) | 106.5 (8.2) | 0.327 |
| Body mass index (kg/m²) | 28.9 (2.8) | 30.2 (3.6) | 0.245 |
| Nutritional state | |||
| Overweight n (%) | 8 (61.5) | 41 (53.2) | 0.714 |
| Obesity n (%) | 5 (38.5) | 36 (46.8) | 0.461 |
| Body composition | |||
| DXA trunk tissue (% fat) | 41.4 (5.3) | 43.7 (5.9) | 0.437 |
| DXA trunk lean (g) | 21,913.1 (4418.1) | 21,458.6 (3425.7) | 0.105 |
| DXA gynecoid tissue (% fat) | 37.6 (8.7) | 39.5 (8.7) | 0.944 |
| DXA gynecoid lean (g) | 7405.9 (1909.5) | 7087.2 (1307.0) | 0.113 |
| DXA android tissue (% fat) | 44.0 (5.8) | 46.3 (6.3) | 0.424 |
| DXA android lean (g) | 3237.4 (662,9) | 3196.8 (521.9) | 0.393 |
| DXA total tissue (% fat) | 38.2 (6.2) | 39.5 (6.5) | 0.677 |
| DXA total tissue (kg lean mass) | 46.7 (10.6) | 45.9 (8.0) | 0.065 |
| Quotient trunk/total | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.55 (0.06) | 0.306 |
| Quotient legs/total | 0.32 (0.06) | 0.31 (0.06) | 0.598 |
| Quotient arms + legs/trunk | 0.80 (0.19) | 0.77 (0.21) | 0.561 |
| Quotient tissue android/gynecoid | 1.20 (0.24) | 1.20 (0.24) | 0.948 |
| Appendicular index (kg/m²) | 7.7 (1.2) | 7.9 (1.1) | 0.394 |
| Fat-free lean mass index (kg/m²) | 10.5 (2.4) | 11.5 (3.0) | 0.380 |
| Metabolic markers | |||
| TC (mg/dL) | 162.8 (30.2) | 159.2 (38.1) | 0.373 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 158.9 (87.8) | 194.5 (121.8) | 0.379 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 38.7 (9.2) | 31.8 (5.1) | 0.010 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 99.8 (33.7) | 94.1 (27.9) | 0.372 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 87.7 (8.1) | 92.5 (11.9) | 0.070 |
| MetScore | −0.176 (2.783) | 1.812 (2.356) | 0.017 |
| HbAc1 (%) | 5.3 (0.5) | 5.8 (0.4) | 0.003 |
| Markers of endothelial function | |||
| FMD (%) | 12.3 (7.9) | 6.7 (5.4) | 0.015 |
| Baseline diameter, mm | 3.2 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.3) | 0.490 |
| Reactive hyperemia diameter, mm | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.4) | 0.029 |
| Baseline flow velocity, cm/s | 80.4 (24.5) | 81.9 (24.0) | 0.836 |
| Reactive hyperemia diameter, flow velocity, cm/s | 152.8 (33.5) | 135.3 (35.2) | 0.107 |
| Peak Shear rate, s | 483.2 (118.0) | 423.6 (99.9) | 0.054 |
| PWV (m/s) | 7.0 (0.6) | 7.3 (1.1) | 0.082 |
| Aortic systolic pressure (mm Hg) | 110.7 (6.8) | 111.0 (11.2) | 0.889 |
| Aortic pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 39.1 (6.3) | 38.8 (7.4) | 0.886 |
| Brachial augmentation index (%) | 20.6 (11.4) | 23.7 (19.0) | 0.435 |
| Aortic augmentation index (%) | −33.6 (22.4) | −20.8 (27.2) | 0.082 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 115.3 (9.7) | 117.5 (7.5) | 0.335 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 71.5 (7.2) | 72.2 (9.7) | 0.767 |
| MAP (mm Hg) | 87.0 (6.5) | 86.6 (9.2) | 0.884 |
Data are shown as mean ± SD or frequencies n (%). The categories of the DII were compared using Student’s t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. DXA: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; TC: total cholesterol; c-HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hb1Ac: glycated hemoglobin; FMD: flow-mediated vasodilation; PWV: pulse wave velocity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure. The MetScore was calculated from the sum of the typified residuals (Z) of cardiovascular risk variables: ((♂40 or ♀50 − HDL-C)/SD × (−1))) + ((triglycerides − 150)/SD) + ((glucose − 100)/SD) + ((CC − ♂94 or ♀80)/SD) + ((MAP − 100)/SD, adjusted for gender and age.