Smoking |
Elevated urine cadmium |
[38,39,40,41,44,45,52,69,72,73,83] |
|
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium |
[20,38,41,43,51,57,58,69,70,72] |
|
Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc |
[20,52] |
|
Elevated urine zinc |
[52] |
|
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium/zinc ratio |
[20,75] |
|
Elevated bronchoalveolar lavage cadmium |
[79] |
|
Elevated lung tissue cadmium |
[54,56] |
|
Elevated dental calculus cadmium |
[115] |
Cardiovascular Disease |
Elevated urine cadmium |
[74] |
Peripheral artery disease |
Elevated urine cadmium |
[69] |
|
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium |
[70,71] |
|
Elevated urine zinc |
[72] |
|
Low dietary zinc |
[78] |
Myocardial infarction |
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium |
[75] |
|
Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc |
[75] |
|
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium/zinc ratio |
[75] |
Hypertension |
Elevated urine cadmium |
[52] |
|
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium |
[52,76] |
|
Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc |
[52] |
|
Elevated urine zinc |
[52] |
Pulmonary Disease |
|
|
Inflammation markers |
Elevated bronchoalveolar lavage cadmium |
[79] |
Reduced lung function |
Elevated urine cadmium |
[81,82] |
Obstructive lung disease |
Elevated lung tissue cadmium |
[54] |
|
Elevated urine cadmium |
[83] |
|
Low dietary zinc |
[83] |
Bronchogenic carcinoma |
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium |
[86] |
|
Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc |
[84,86,87] |
|
Elevated urine zinc |
[85] |
Prostate Disease |
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium |
[20,100] |
|
Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc |
[20,100] |
|
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium/zinc ratio |
[20] |
|
Low tissue zinc |
[19,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101] |
Cervical Cancer |
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium |
[103] |
|
Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc |
[103] |
Pancreatic Cancer |
Elevated tissue cadmium |
[73,108,109] |
Oral Pathologies |
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium |
[58,59] |
Oral cancer/leukoplakia |
Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc |
[58,59,122] |
|
Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium/zinc ratio |
[59,68] |