Table 1.

Tobacco-related disease and evidence of cadmium and zinc involvement.

Target	Manifestation of Toxicity	References
Smoking	Elevated urine cadmium	[38,39,40,41,44,45,52,69,72,73,83]
	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium	[20,38,41,43,51,57,58,69,70,72]
	Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc	[20,52]
	Elevated urine zinc	[52]
	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium/zinc ratio	[20,75]
	Elevated bronchoalveolar lavage cadmium	[79]
	Elevated lung tissue cadmium	[54,56]
	Elevated dental calculus cadmium	[115]
Cardiovascular Disease	Elevated urine cadmium	[74]
Peripheral artery disease	Elevated urine cadmium	[69]
	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium	[70,71]
	Elevated urine zinc	[72]
	Low dietary zinc	[78]
Myocardial infarction	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium	[75]
	Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc	[75]
	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium/zinc ratio	[75]
Hypertension	Elevated urine cadmium	[52]
	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium	[52,76]
	Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc	[52]
	Elevated urine zinc	[52]
Pulmonary Disease
Inflammation markers	Elevated bronchoalveolar lavage cadmium	[79]
Reduced lung function	Elevated urine cadmium	[81,82]
Obstructive lung disease	Elevated lung tissue cadmium	[54]
	Elevated urine cadmium	[83]
	Low dietary zinc	[83]
Bronchogenic carcinoma	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium	[86]
	Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc	[84,86,87]
	Elevated urine zinc	[85]
Prostate Disease	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium	[20,100]
	Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc	[20,100]
	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium/zinc ratio	[20]
	Low tissue zinc	[19,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101]
Cervical Cancer	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium	[103]
	Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc	[103]
Pancreatic Cancer	Elevated tissue cadmium	[73,108,109]
Oral Pathologies	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium	[58,59]
Oral cancer/leukoplakia	Lower blood, serum, or plasma zinc	[58,59,122]
	Elevated blood, serum, or plasma cadmium/zinc ratio	[59,68]