Table 1.
Sample characteristics by work and welfare status.
| Measures | Total Sample (n = 1065) |
No Work/No Welfare (n = 210) |
Welfare Only (n = 310) |
Work Only (n = 203) |
Work and Welfare (n = 342) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or mean (sd) | % or mean (sd) | % or mean (sd) | % or mean (sd) | % or mean (sd) | |
| Post-survey CPS involvement *** | 7.4% | 1.9% | 12.9% | 2.0% | 9.1% |
| Any prior CPS involvement *** | 16.7% | 10.0% | 23.6% | 5.9% | 21.1% |
| Milwaukee Home visiting site *** | 6.6% | 9.1% | 15.2% | 6.9% | 6.4% |
| Cohabiting spouse or partner *** | 61.8% | 73.8% | 61.3% | 66.0% | 52.3% |
| High school degree (ref.) ** | 45.7% | 43.3% | 45.5% | 47.8% | 39.5% |
| <High school degree *** | 16.3% | 17.1% | 25.5% | 4.4% | 14.6% |
| >High school degree *** | 38.0% | 39.5% | 29.0% | 47.8% | 39.5% |
| Non-Hispanic White/Other (ref.) *** | 65.4% | 60.0% | 55.8% | 78.3% | 69.6% |
| Non-Hispanic Black *** | 10.6% | 6.2% | 15.8% | 3.9% | 12.6% |
| Hispanic *** | 19.4% | 31.4% | 25.2% | 10.3% | 12.3% |
| Parent < 25 years old ** | 36.6% | 29.5% | 33.6% | 39.9% | 41.8% |
| More than 2 children in home *** | 34.7% | 46.2% | 39.7% | 22.2% | 30.4% |
| At least one child < 2 years old *** | 6.2% | 4.3% | 4.8% | 11.8% | 5.3% |
| Parenting stress | 13.7 (3.1) | 14.0 (3.3) | 13.8 (2.9) | 13.3 (2.9) | 13.7 (3.2) |
| Depressive symptoms ** | 30.4 (10.4) | 29.6 (10.5) | 31.2 (10.4) | 28.8 (10.0) | 31.2 (10.5) |
| Social support *** | 30.6 (5.6) | 30.0 (5.3) | 29.9 (5.7) | 32.1 (5.1) | 30.6 (5.8) |
| Housing instability *** | 18.5% | 16.2% | 18.1% | 11.8% | 24.3% |
| No work and No welfare | 19.7% | - | - | - | - |
| Welfare and No work (ref.) | 29.1% | - | - | - | - |
| Work and No welfare | 19.1% | - | - | - | - |
| Work and Welfare | 32.1% | - | - | - | - |
| SSI Receipt (self or children) *** | 3.7% | 0.9% | 10.7% | 0.5% | 0.9% |
| Total annual income *** | $11,176 ($11,296) | $935 ($2697) | $7537 ($5722) | $16,299 ($11,884) | $17,724 ($10,662) |
*** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05.