Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population, overall and by walkability tertiles (n = 181).
| Variable | All Participants | Perceived Neighborhood Walkability | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest Tertile | Middle Tertile | Highest Tertile | ||
| (n = 181) | (n = 56) | (n = 68) | (n = 57) | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 71.72 ± 7.81 | 71.84 ± 7.51 | 71.31 ± 7.96 | 72.09 ± 8.04 |
| Age group, n (%) | ||||
| 60–69 | 89 (49.17) | 26 (46.43) | 39 (57.35) | 24 (42.11) |
| 70–79 | 56 (30.94) | 22 (39.29) | 14 (20.59) | 20 (35.09) |
| ≥80 | 36 (19.89) | 8 (14.29) | 15 (22.06) | 13 (22.81) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 94 (51.93) | 27 (48.21) | 32 (47.06) | 35 (61.40) |
| Women | 87 (48.07) | 29 (51.79) | 36 (52.94) | 22 (38.60) |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Never/widowed/divorced/separated | 52 (29.05) | 31 (56.36) | 53 (79.10) | 43 (75.44) * |
| Married | 127 (70.95) | 24 (43.64) | 14 (20.90) | 14 (24.56) |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||
| Uneducated/pre-school/primary education | 90 (49.72) | 31 (55.36) | 37 (54.41) | 22 (38.60) |
| Secondary/tertiary education | 91 (50.28) | 25 (44.64) | 31 (45.59) | 35 (61.40) |
| Employment, n (%) | ||||
| Unemployed | 163 (90.56) | 48 (85.71) | 62 (92.54) | 53 (92.98) |
| Employed | 17 (9.44) | 8 (14.29) | 5 (7.46) | 4 (7.02) |
| Income, Hong Kong Dollars, n (%) | ||||
| <4000 | 50 (28.09) | 22 (40.00) | 21 (31.82) | 7 (12.28) **,† |
| 4000–7999 | 56 (31.46) | 13 (23.64) | 24 (36.36) | 19 (33.33) |
| ≥8000 | 72 (40.45) | 20 (36.36) | 21 (31.82) | 31 (54.39) |
| Housing type, n (%) | ||||
| Private high-rise housing | 61 (33.70) | 4 (7.14) | 21 (30.88) | 36 (63.16) *** |
| Tenement housing | 30 (16.57) | 7 (12.50) | 18 (26.47) | 5 (8.77) |
| Subsidized housing | 30 (16.57) | 5 (8.93) | 15 (22.06) | 10 (17.54) |
| Public housing | 28 (15.47) | 9 (16.07) | 13 (19.12) | 6 (10.53) |
| Village housing | 32 (17.68) | 31 (55.36) | 1 (1.47) | 0 (0.00) |
| Length of residence, years, mean ± SD | 23.66 ± 13.63 | 23.94 ± 18.37 | 24.34 ± 11.61 | 22.57 ± 10.13 |
| Length of residence, years, n (%) | ||||
| <10 | 36 (19.89) | 17 (30.36) | 10 (14.71) | 9 (15.79) ** |
| 10–19 | 22 (12.15) | 4 (7.14) | 10 (14.71) | 8 (14.04) |
| 20–29 | 44 (24.31) | 12 (21.43) | 14 (20.59) | 18 (31.58) |
| 30–39 | 64 (35.36) | 13 (23.21) | 30 (44.12) | 21 (36.84) |
| ≥40 | 15 (8.29) | 10 (17.86) | 4 (5.88) | 1 (1.75) |
| Living arrangement, n (%) | ||||
| Living alone | 31 (17.13) | 13 (23.21) | 11 (16.18) | 7 (12.28) |
| Living with others | 150 (82.87) | 43 (76.79) | 57 (83.82) | 50 (87.72) |
| No. of doctor-diagnosed chronic diseases, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 27 (14.92) | 7 (12.50) | 9 (13.24) | 11 (19.30) |
| 1–4 | 129 (71.27) | 38 (67.86) | 53 (77.94) | 38 (66.67) |
| ≥5 | 25 (13.81) | 11 (19.64) | 6 (8.82) | 8 (14.04) |
| No. of prescribed medications, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 37 (20.44) | 11 (19.64) | 13 (19.12) | 13 (22.81) |
| 1–4 | 107 (59.12) | 30 (53.57) | 44 (64.71) | 33 (57.89) |
| ≥5 | 37 (20.44) | 15 (26.79) | 11 (16.18) | 11 (19.30) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | ||||
| No | 168 (92.82) | 51 (91.07) | 64 (94.12) | 53 (92.98) |
| Yes | 13 (7.18) | 5 (8.93) | 4 (5.88) | 4 (7.02) |
| Alcohol drinker, n (%) | ||||
| No | 151 (83.43) | 43 (76.79) | 60 (88.24) | 48 (84.21) |
| Yes | 30 (16.57) | 13 (23.21) | 8 (11.76) | 9 (15.79) |
| No. of negative life events, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 93 (51.67) | 22 (39.29) | 37 (54.41) | 34 (60.71) |
| ≥1 | 87 (48.33) | 34 (60.71) | 31 (45.59) | 22 (39.29) |
| Walkability, mean ± SD | 3.25 ± 0.53 | / | / | / |
| walkability (by neighborhood), mean ± SD | ||||
| Shatin Town Centre | 3.68 ± 0.29 | / | / | / |
| Yee Fu & Kwong Fuk | 3.27 ± 0.37 | / | / | / |
| Tai Po Centre | 3.58 ± 0.32 | / | / | / |
| Tai Po Hui & Old Market | 3.19 ± 0.44 | / | / | / |
| Lam Tsuen Valley | 2.48 ± 0.32 | / | / | / |
* p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01, *** p-value < 0.001, † p-value for trend < 0.01.