Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the total study population.
| Variables | % of All Death (n = 23,098) | Place of Death (%) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home (n = 20,275) | Outside Home (n = 2823) | |||
| Age a | 0.00 | |||
| 65–79 | 4.73 | 4.18 | 8.68 | |
| 80–89 | 18.71 | 17.53 | 27.17 | |
| 90–99 | 36.31 | 36.61 | 34.11 | |
| 100+ | 40.25 | 41.68 | 30.04 | |
| Sex b | 0.00 | |||
| Female | 60.94 | 62.19 | 51.97 | |
| Male | 39.06 | 37.81 | 48.03 | |
| Ethnicity b | 0.00 | |||
| Han | 93.18 | 92.63 | 97.17 | |
| Minority | 6.82 | 7.37 | 2.83 | |
| Marital status a | 0.00 | |||
| Married | 13.18 | 12.55 | 17.68 | |
| Not married | 86.82 | 87.45 | 82.32 | |
| Per capita household income c | 0.00 | |||
| Quartile 1 | 29.73 | 30.99 | 20.69 | |
| Quartile 2 | 21.15 | 21.84 | 16.15 | |
| Quartile 3 | 24.63 | 24.77 | 23.66 | |
| Quartile 4 | 24.49 | 22.40 | 39.50 | |
| Education b | 0.00 | |||
| Primary/uneducated | 94.24 | 95.44 | 85.62 | |
| Secondary | 4.14 | 3.44 | 9.17 | |
| Tertiary | 0.99 | 0.55 | 4.11 | |
| Missing | 0.63 | 0.57 | 1.10 | |
| Spousal Education b | 0.00 | |||
| Primary/uneducated | 90.80 | 92.19 | 80.84 | |
| Secondary | 3.94 | 3.33 | 8.29 | |
| Tertiary | 0.90 | 0.63 | 2.87 | |
| Missing | 4.36 | 3.85 | 8.01 | |
| Occupation b | 0.00 | |||
| Farmer | 49.18 | 51.89 | 29.72 | |
| Professional/technical/managerial personnel | 4.72 | 3.50 | 13.46 | |
| Commercial/industrial worker | 25.61 | 24.99 | 30.11 | |
| Housekeeper | 11.52 | 11.05 | 14.84 | |
| Others | 8.71 | 8.31 | 11.62 | |
| Missing | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.25 | |
| Spousal Occupation b | 0.00 | |||
| Farmer | 51.31 | 54.24 | 30.25 | |
| Professional/technical/managerial personnel | 4.09 | 3.30 | 9.78 | |
| Commercial/industrial worker | 26.48 | 25.94 | 30.39 | |
| Housekeeper | 9.84 | 9.15 | 14.77 | |
| Others | 6.92 | 6.46 | 10.20 | |
| Missing | 1.36 | 0.90 | 4.61 | |
| Residence a | 0.00 | |||
| Urban | 46.23 | 41.98 | 76.73 | |
| Rural | 53.77 | 58.02 | 23.27 | |
| Living arrangement c | 0.00 | |||
| Lives alone | 11.05 | 10.99 | 11.47 | |
| Lives with others | 88.45 | 88.54 | 87.89 | |
| Missing | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.64 | |
| Health status c | 0.00 | |||
| Good SRH | 37.58 | 37.37 | 39.07 | |
| Fair SRH | 29.94 | 29.78 | 31.10 | |
| Poor SRH | 16.24 | 16.16 | 16.76 | |
| Not able to answer | 16.24 | 16.69 | 13.07 | |
| ADLs impaired c | 0.05 | |||
| Yes | 79.14 | 79.19 | 78.75 | |
| No | 20.57 | 20.52 | 20.97 | |
| Missing | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.28 | |
| Bedridden c | 0.72 | |||
| Yes | 28.03 | 27.96 | 28.52 | |
| No | 71.68 | 71.76 | 71.17 | |
| Missing | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.32 | |
| Cause of death c | 0.00 | |||
| Malignant tumor | 1.74 | 1.46 | 3.75 | |
| CVD and heart disease | 7.92 | 6.95 | 14.77 | |
| Respiratory | 4.16 | 3.81 | 6.66 | |
| Accident | 3.98 | 4.10 | 3.12 | |
| Natural death | 5.52 | 5.89 | 2.90 | |
| others | 7.14 | 7.25 | 6.38 | |
| Missing | 69.54 | 70.54 | 62.42 | |
| Primary caregiver c | 0.00 | |||
| Spouse | 3.79 | 3.57 | 5.38 | |
| Children/grandchildren | 82.31 | 86.24 | 54.06 | |
| Others | 10.21 | 6.77 | 34.96 | |
| No body/do not need care | 3.20 | 2.91 | 5.21 | |
| Missing | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.39 | |
| Timely medical treatment c | 0.00 | |||
| Yes | 74.26 | 72.80 | 84.77 | |
| No | 7.24 | 7.64 | 4.32 | |
| Not ill | 18.17 | 19.25 | 10.45 | |
| Missing | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.46 | |
| Financial source c | 0.00 | |||
| Retirement wage/self–work | 10.76 | 7.86 | 31.56 | |
| Spouse/children/grandchildren | 81.53 | 86.11 | 48.64 | |
| Government subsidies/others | 7.57 | 5.88 | 19.73 | |
| Missing | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.07 | |
| Who paid medical cost c | 0.00 | |||
| Free public/collective medical care/insurance | 14.22 | 9.93 | 45.02 | |
| Family | 82.04 | 86.31 | 51.36 | |
| Others | 2.91 | 2.93 | 2.76 | |
| Missing | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.85 | |
| Regions b | 0.00 | |||
| Eastern | 38.76 | 38.09 | 43.57 | |
| Middle | 32.40 | 32.32 | 33.01 | |
| Western | 28.84 | 29.60 | 23.41 | |
| Year | 0.00 | |||
| 2000 | 14.42 | 14.80 | 11.65 | |
| 2002 | 14.11 | 13.77 | 16.54 | |
| 2005 | 25.01 | 24.68 | 27.35 | |
| 2008 | 22.51 | 22.33 | 23.80 | |
| 2011/2012 | 23.95 | 24.41 | 20.65 | |
SRH, Self-rated health; ADL, Activities of daily living. a Measured at death; b Measured at previous wave; c Measured before death.