Table 1.

Patents and research investments: Evidence from Mansfield (1986) survey

Percent of Developed or Commercially Introduced Inventions That Would Not Have Been Developed or Commercially Introduced if Patent Protection Could Not Have Been Obtained, Twelve Industries, 1981–83.a
Industry	Percent That Would Not Have Been Introduced	Percent That Would Not Have Been Developed
Pharmaceuticals	65	60
Chemicals	30	38
Petroleum	18	25
Machinery	15	17
Fabricated metal products	12	12
Primary metals	8	1
Electrical equipment	4	11
Instruments	1	1
Office equipment	0	0
Motor vehicles	0	0
Rubber	0	0
Textiles	0	0

Source: Mansfield (1986) Table 1.