Table 2.

Characteristics of case management studies reporting positive findings, presented according to Chaudoir’s framework

	Environment/organisation	Practitioner	Patient	Programme
Crane et al32	Access to medical, social and community resources	Experienced, calm and trusted case manager		Multidisciplinary care plan Life skills counselling. Frequent and long visits No limit on the number of encounters
Grover et al38	Access to medical, social and community resources Involvement of the diverse providers and services in a comprehensive approach to the patient			Multidisciplinary care plan Review of the care plan
Shah et al33	Access to medical, social and community resources Connectivity to social resources Close relationships between care managers, local hospitals and providers in clinics			Care plan by the case manager Health navigation. Frequent in-person contacts Patients graduated from the programme when they understood how to make appointments, receive medication and follow-up on goals
Pillow et al34	Partnerships within hospital and with local partners Well-funded and well-supported programme	Practitioners felt buy-in for the process Highly qualified interdisciplinary care team Well-trained case manager	Implementation of a care plan for patients who needed it the most Patient with full care plan in place	Multidisciplinary care plan Review of the care plan Easy access to key healthcare information Care plan integrated into the ED tracking system (interface) Practitioner can edit care plan and refer patient to get care plan
Rinke et al35		Dedicated and experienced case manager		Care plan by the case manager Review of the care plan Health navigation Care coordination Confirmation of patient attendance at referrals Frequent contacts
Tadros et al36	Access to medical, social and community resources			Care coordination
Wetta-Hall37	Access to medical, social and community resources			Patient education Funding support for prescription medication Involvement of patient in goal setting and decision making

ED, emergency department.