Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population.*
| Characteristic | VOI absent (N=72) | VOI present (N=102) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age – yr | 26±15 | 27±17 | 0.68 |
| Male sex — no. (%) | 50 (69) | 73 (72) | 0.76 |
| Time delay from first symptom to diagnosis – yr | 2.5±4.0 | 3.3±4.4 | 0.27 |
| Familial occurrence of LVNC — no. (%) | 8 (11) | 16 (16) | 0.39 |
| Body-mass index – kg/m2 | 23±5 | 23±4 | 0.98 |
|
| |||
| NYHA functional class – no. (%) | 0.28 | ||
|
| |||
| I | 50 (69) | 61 (60) | |
| II | 13 (18) | 21 (21) | |
| III | 9 (13) | 16 (16) | |
| IV | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | |
| Atrial fibrillation – no. (%) | 4 (6) | 11 (11) | 0.28 |
| Neuromuscular disease – no. (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (7) | 0.04 |
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| |||
| Medications – no. (%) | |||
|
| |||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 20 (28) | 53 (52) | 0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 32 (44) | 60 (59) | 0.06 |
| Diuretic | 11 (15) | 25 (25) | 0.14 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 16 (22) | 37 (36) | 0.05 |
| Aspirin | 21 (29) | 48 (47) | 0.02 |
| Vitamin K antagonists | 6 (8) | 22 (22) | 0.02 |
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| |||
| LV volume parameters | |||
|
| |||
| LVEF <50% – no. (%) | 15 (21) | 35 (34) | 0.05 |
| LVEF – % | 53±12 | 48±16 | 0.04 |
| LVEDVI – ml/m2 | 106±46 | 116±49 | 0.22 |
| LVESVI – ml/m2 | 54±42 | 66±51 | 0.09 |
|
| |||
| Distribution of non-compaction | |||
|
| |||
| Number of affected segments | 7.3±2.8 | 8.3±3.0 | 0.02 |
| Inter-ventricular septum affected – no. (%) | 15 (21) | 25 (25) | 0.57 |
| Basal segments affected – no. (%) | 12 (17) | 31 (30) | 0.04 |
| NC/C ratio | 2.2±0.7 | 2.6±0.8 | <0.001 |
| Fulfilled CMR criteria for LVNC – no. (%) | 22 (31) | 68 (67) | <0.001 |
| Phenotype: LVNC+ DCM+ | 5 (7) | 26 (25) | 0.002 |
| Phenotype: LVNC+ DCM- | 17 (24) | 42 (41) | 0.02 |
| Presence of LGE – no. (%) | 3 (4) | 17 (17) | 0.01 |
*
Values are presented as number of patients (%), or the mean±SD. Multiple family members excluded.
ACE denotes angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CMR cardiac magnetic resonance, DCM dilated cardiomyopathy, LGE late gadolinium enhancement, LV left ventricle, LVEDVI left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVESVI left ventricular end-systolic volume index, LVNC left ventricular non-compaction, NC/C ratio of non-compacted to compacted myocardium, NYHA New York Heart Association, and VOI variants of interest.