Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Aug 17;6(10):1445–1457. doi: 10.1242/bio.025957

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2. — Early injection of HCN4-DN affects left-right organ laterality in Xenopus laevis. (A) Quantification of stage 45 tadpoles for left-right organ (heart, gut and gallbladder) laterality with or without microinjecting HCN4-DN mRNA apically (∼0.5-1 ng/injection/blastomere) in both blastomeres at 2-cell stage as indicated in the illustrations. A significantly high incidence of heterotaxia was observed in only when HCN4-DN mRNA was injected in both blastomeres at 2-cell stage, in comparison to controls. The experiment was conducted in triplicate and data was pooled to run a χ² analysis, ***P<0.001. (B) Representative ventral images of stage 45 tadpoles: (i) Control tadpole showing rightward coiling gut as indicated by the red dotted lines and red arrow, rightward coiling heart as indicated by green dotted lines and green arrow, and leftward placed gallbladder as indicated by yellow dotted line and yellow arrow, (ii) HCN4-DN mRNA injected (both blastomeres at 2-cell stage) tadpoles showing inversion of gut coiling as indicated by the red dotted lines and red arrow, inversion of the heart as indicated by green dotted line and green arrow, and inversion of gallbladder placement as indicated by yellow dotted lines and yellow arrow, (iii) HCN4-DN mRNA injected (both blastomeres at 2-cell stage) tadpoles showing bilateral gut coiling as indicated by the red dotted lines and red arrow, with normal heart (green dotted lines and green arrow) and gallbladder (yellow dotted line and yellow arrow). Scale bar: 0.25 mm. (C) Pie chart showing the incidence of various left-right phenotypes seen in the HCN4-DN mRNA injected (in both blastomeres at 2-cell stage) tadpoles.