Table 1. Substrate combinations.

Substrate Code	Substratesa	Concentrations
P/M	pyruvate / malate	5 mM / 1 mM
G/M	glutamate / malate	5 mM / 5 mM
αKG/M	alpha-ketoglutarate / malate	5 mM / 1 mM
αKG/G	alpha-ketoglutarate / glutamate	5 mM / 5 mM
PC/M	palmitoylcarnitine / malate	25 μM / 2 mM
P/M/S	pyruvate / malate / succinate	5 mM / 1 mM / 10 mM
S/Rot	succinate / rotenone	10 mM / 0.5 μM

^aThe substrate stock solutions were made from sodium pyruvate, L-malic acid, L-glutamic acid, disodium alpha-ketoglutarate, palmitoyl-DL-carnitine chloride, and disodium succinate.