Table 2.

Categories of Pediatric CHD Patients at High Risk for Developmental Disorders or Disabilities

1. Neonates or infants requiring open heart surgery (cyanotic and acyanotic types), for example, HLHS, IAA, PA/IVS, TA, TAPVC, TGA, TOF, tricuspid atresia.

2. Children with other cyanotic heart lesions not requiring open heart surgery during the neonatal or infant period, for example, TOF with PA and MAPCA(s), TOF with shunt without use of CPB, Ebstein anomaly.

3. Any combination of CHD and the following comorbidities:

3.1. Prematurity (<37 wk)

3.2. Developmental delay recognized in infancy

3.3. Suspected genetic abnormality or syndrome associated with DD

3.4. History of mechanical support (ECMO or VAD use)

3.5. Heart transplantation

3.6. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation at any point

3.7. Prolonged hospitalization (postoperative LOS >2-wk in the hospital)

3.8. Perioperative seizures related to CHD surgery

3.9. Significant abnormalities on neuroimaging or microcephaly*

4. Other conditions determined at the discretion of the medical home providers

CHD indicates congenital heart disease; HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome; IAA, interrupted aortic arch; PA/IVS, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum; TA, truncus arteriosus; TAPVC, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection; TGA, transposition of the great arteries; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot; PA, pulmonary atresia; MAPCA, major aortopulmonary collateral arteries; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; DD, developmental disorder or disability; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VAD, ventricular assist device; and LOS, length of stay.