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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Biomed Eng. 2017 Aug 15;45(11):2548–2562. doi: 10.1007/s10439-017-1899-0

Figure 2. Determination of mechanical stiffness by genotype and age using atomic force microscopy.

Figure 2

AFM of AV cusp cross sections (30×30 µm2 measurement areas). A) Annulus region did not show a significant difference in microscale cross sectional measurements. B) AFM showed a significant increase in microenvironmental cusp stiffness between WT and Emilin1−/− at 4 months and 12 months, and when comparing Emilin1−/− mice at 4 months and 12-months. C) AFM topography of 30×30 µm cross sections, where z-axis shows thickness distribution, and color represents stiffness distribution used to calculate the average values presented in (B). Significant differences were determined using one-way ANOVA p-value ≤ 0.01. Asterisks denote significant differences when comparing ages; Hashtags denote significant differences when comparing genotypes.