Table 1.
Intact plant seeds and invertebrates from cormorant pellets. Ellenberg F classes 4–6 as representing dry-to-moist, 7–9 moist-to-wet and 10–12 wet-or-submerged habitats [16]. Species are sorted by the number of recovered propagules, while indicating the number of pellets, viable propagules that germinated or hatched (per number tested), sampling locations (Ringkøbing Fjord (RK), Roxen Lake (RL), Havsstensfjord Vadholmen (HV), Björningarna (B), North Mittholmarna (NM), South Mittholmarna (SM), Fortmond (F)), and assigned dispersal syndromes [17]. Species indicated in bold are not known to be dispersed by European dabbling ducks [21]. Actinidia deliciosa is alien to Europe, and therefore has no Ellenberg F-value.
| category | species | family | Ellenberg F | dispersal syndrome | # intact propagules | # pellets | # germinated or hatched/ attempted | sampling locations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plant | unknown | Charophyceae | 15 | 5 | 0/15 | RK, F | ||
| plant | Urtica dioica | Urticaceae | 6 | epizoochory | 11 | 6 | 0/9 | RL, F |
| plant | Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani | Cyperaceae | 10 | barochory | 8 | 6 | 1/7 | RK, RL |
| plant | Betula pendula | Betulaceae | 5 | anemochory | 5 | 5 | — | RL, HV, B |
| plant | Suaeda maritima | Amaranthaceae | 8 | hydrochory | 5 | 5 | 0/4 | B, F |
| plant | Atriplex patula | Amaranthaceae | 5 | epizoochory | 3 | 3 | 1/3 | RK |
| plant | Limosella aquatica | Scrophulariaceae | 8 | barochory | 3 | 2 | 0/3 | F |
| plant | Zannichellia palustris | Potamogetonaceae | 12 | hydrochory | 3 | 1 | 0/3 | F |
| plant | Chenopodium glaucum | Amaranthaceae | 6 | barochory | 4 | 3 | 1/4 | RK |
| plant | Potentilla anserina | Rosaceae | 5 | barochory | 2 | 1 | 0/2 | F |
| plant | Actinidia deliciosa | Actinidiaceae | endozoochory | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | F | |
| plant | Alopecurus pratensis | Poaceae | 5 | barochory | 1 | 1 | — | RL |
| plant | Carex nigra | Cyperaceae | 8 | hydrochory | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | F |
| plant | Cochlearia officinalis | Brassicaceae | 6 | barochory | 1 | 1 | — | SM |
| plant | Eleocharis uniglumis | Cyperaceae | 9 | epizoochory | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | RK |
| plant | Plantago major | Plantaginaceae | 5 | barochory | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | F |
| plant | Rubus fruticosus | Rosaceae | 6 | endozoochory | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | F |
| plant | Ruppia cirrhosa | Ruppiaceae | 12 | hydrochory | 1 | 1 | — | NM, SM |
| plant | Sagina apetala | Caryophyllaceae | 4 | anemochory | 1 | 1 | — | B |
| plant | Salix triandra | Salicaceae | 8 | anemochory | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | F |
| plant | Veronica beccabunga | Plantaginaceae | 10 | barochory | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | F |
| plant | Zostera marina | Zosteraceae | 12 | hydrochory | 1 | 1 | — | B |
| plant | unknown | Apiaceae | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | RK | ||
| plant | unknown | Poaceae | 1 | 1 | — | RL | ||
| invertebrate | Ephydatia fluviatilis | Spongillidae | 186 | 1 | 0/186 | F | ||
| invertebrate | Daphnia pulex agg. (Group) | Daphniidae | 24 | 7 | 0/23 | RL, F | ||
| invertebrate | Cristatella mucedo | Cristatellidae | 19 | 14 | 0/11 | RL, F | ||
| invertebrate | Plumatella repens | Plumatellidae | 12 | 6 | 1/11 | RL, F | ||
| invertebrate | Plumatella fungosa | Plumatellidae | 10 | 4 | 0/10 | F | ||
| invertebrate | Plumatella emarginata | Plumatellidae | 3 | 3 | 0/3 | F | ||
| invertebrate | Plumatella casmiana | Plumatellidae | 1 | 1 | 0/1 | F |