The evidence for the evolution of non-shattering Asian rice (O. sativa). (a) Map of evidence for rice domestication, indicating wild populations [40], and archaeological sites with spikelet base data, and additional sites: 1. Sushui valley, 2. Chengyao, 3. Baligang, 4. Shixia, 5. Caoxieshan, 6. Liangzhu, 7. Maoshan, 8. Kuahuqiao, 9. Luojiajao, 10. Majiabang, 11. Xiaodouli, 12. Tianluoshan. (b) Selection chains for rice taking into account Lower Yangtze and central Chinese finds; negative selection events, dashed grey line. Boxes indicate site name, median age, sample size and proportion of non-shattering form. (c) Estimated selection coefficients (s) for different links in the selection chains in (b), and averages in 500-year bins; TL, Tianluoshan chain; Lu, Luojiajao chain; Ca, Caoxieshan chain.