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A loading–unloading cycle that produces the suction effect: (a) A specimen with an isolated hemi-spherical crater of radius a resting on a flat plate (blue). (b) The specimen is preloaded in compression and the air is squeezed out of the crater. (c) The preload is released, and the springback induces vacuum in the crater. The symbols p, V and N denote the pressure, volume and number of molecules of air inside the crater at each state.
