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Four representative reinforced craters with (α = β = 1): (a) no instability during either loading or unloading, (b) long-wavelength instabilities during both loading and unloading, (c) short-wavelength instabilities during both loading and unloading, and (d) short-wavelength instabilities during unloading only. For each case, the frames at Θ = 0, 0.2 and Θm represent the loading stage, and the frames at Θ = 0.2, 0.1 and 0 represent the unloading stage.
