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. 2017 Nov 1;7:14848. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13921-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Design of the crowding and localizer experiments. (A) The panel shows an example of Gabor patches configurations (a central target with two flankers on each side): strongly crowded (left) and weakly crowded (right). In the strongly-crowded condition (left), the flanker patches have an orientation similar to the central patch (i.e., the orientation difference is less than 40 deg) while in the weakly-crowded condition (right) the flanker patches have an orientation remarkably different to the central patch (i.e., the orientation difference is more than 60 deg). For each quadrant, keep the figure at about 20 cm of distance, fixate the arrow and try to discriminate the orientation of the target in relation to the flankers. In the left quadrant, it is difficult to perform the discrimination task. The Gabor patches were simultaneously presented with equal eccentricity (8 deg) in a radial configuration. The distance between target and flankers was kept constant (1.5 deg center-to-center). (B) The panel shows the structure of a trial. Subjects were instructed to focus their attention on the three serially presented targets in the attended hemifield while ignoring the flanker distractors and the stimuli appearing in the other hemifield. Subjects were given a three-alternative, forced-choice task on the target (all the same, one different, all different). (C) Examples of stimuli in the three conditions of the localizer scan: Latin character (upper panel), Devanagari character (central panel) and dynamic white noise (lower panel). (Note that Gabor patches and localizer stimuli had the same envelope size and localizer stimuli were presented at the target location in both left and right lower quarter fields).