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. 2017 Nov 1;7:14841. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14929-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The role of SMOX in the bile canalicular lumen formation. SMOX catalyzes the oxidative degradation of spermine to spermidine at the apical membrane where two cells are in contact with each other. Oxidation of spermine by SMOX produces 3-aminopropanal (3-AP) which is spontaneously converted to acrolein. Acrolein alkylate and inactivate adjacent PTEN, causing phosphorylation and activation of Akt. Activation of Akt stimulates F-actin remodeling and induces bile canalicular lumen formation. SPD, spermidine, SPM, spermine, 3-AP, 3-aminopropanal, PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog.