Protein expressions of apoptotic, mitochondrial-damaged, DNA damaged and oxidative-stress biomarkers in L4-5 dorsal root ganglions by day 8 after CCI procedure. A. Protein expression of cleaved caspase 3 (c-Casp 3), * denotes statistical significance vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. B. Protein expression of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), * denotes statistical significance vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. C. Protein expression of γ-H2AX, * denotes statistical significance vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. D. Protein expression of cytosolic cytochrome C (cyt-Cyt C), * denotes statistical significance vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.001. E. Protein expression of NOX-1, * denotes statistical significance vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. F. Protein expression of NOX-2, * denotes statistical significance vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. G. Protein expression of NOX-4, * denotes statistical significance vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. H. Oxidized protein expression, * denotes statistical significance vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. (Note: left and right lanes shown on the upper panel represent protein molecular weight marker and control oxidized molecular protein standard, respectively). M.W = molecular weight; DNP = 1-3 dinitrophenylhydrazone. All statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test (n = 8 for each group). Symbols (*, †, ‡, §, ¶) indicate significance at the 0.05 level. SC = sham control; CCI = chronic constriction injury; ECSW = extracorporeal shock wave; Mel = melatonin.