UPLC-MS chromatograms and structures of AHLs produced by NH3-oxidizing and NO2−-oxidizing nitrifying bacteria. Shown are extracted-ion chromatogram (XIC) fragmentation pattern spectra for protonated molecules ([M + H]+), chemical structures, and m/z of C10-HSL produced by the AOB Nss. multiformis (A), 3-OH-C14-HSL produced by the AOB Nss. briensis (B), C10:1-HSL produced by the NOB Nb. vulgaris (C), and C8-HSL produced by the NOB Ns. moscoviensis (D).