Table 3.

Estimates and significance for presence of no mother and husband's mother in the household, respectively, as compared to presence of a woman's own mother in the household, obtained by separate generalized linear mixed models for each census, of woman's age, her reproductive time span, woman's and her spouse's education and employment, living area, and presence of any mother in the household, regressing on the woman's number of children on basis of a Poisson error structure, with sample as random factor (full models for each census separately see electronic supplementary material, tables S12). Italic: significant positive effect on woman's number of children; bold: significant negative effect on woman's number of children; underline: not significant.

	no mother in household (ref.: own mother in household)	husband's mother in household (ref.: own mother in household)
Argentina	0.1150***	0.0421**
Brazil	0.0512***	−0.0871***
Greece	0.0726*	0.1850***
Indonesia	0.2740***	0.2211***
Malawi	0.2004***	0.0592
Iraq	0.2099***	0.1216***
Malaysia	0.0840*	0.0791
Pakistan	0.1600***	0.0150
Romania	0.1117***	0.0409***
USA	0.0325***	0.0083
Thailand	0.1796***	0.1122***
Sudan	0.3919***	0.2246***
Philippines	0.1886***	0.0190*
Zambia	0.0554*	−0.0607*

*p < 0.05.

**p < 0.01.

***p < 0.001.