Table 2.
Summary of disease-modifying countermeasures.
| Pathway | Target | Inhibitors |
|---|---|---|
| Proinflammatory cytokines | IL-1β | anakinra, immunomodulators |
| TNFα | anti-TNFα agents, immunomodulators | |
| IL-6 | tocilizumab, immunomodulators | |
| Damage mediators | XO | allopurinol, febuxostat, antioxidants |
| sPLA2 | Mepacrine | |
| ET-1 | bosentan, tezosentan | |
| MMP-9 | Doxycycline | |
| VEGF | bevacizumab, aflibercept | |
| NFкB pathway | NFкB | NFкB inhibitors, ‘Compound A’ |
| IKK | IкK inhibitors, auranofin, BMS-345541 | |
| MAP3K | PKR | 2-AP, C16, imoxine, PKRi |
| ZAK | sorafenib, nilotinib, DHP-2 | |
| MAPK | p38 | PW66, UM101, p38 inhibitors |
| JNK | PW66, SP600125, JNK inhibitors | |
| NALP3 inflammasome | NALP3 inflammasome | MCC950, parthenolide, glyburide, BHB, isoliquiritigenen |
| IL-1β | Anakinra | |
| Apoptosis | Apoptosis | antioxidants, zinc, apoptosis inhibitors |
| caspases 3, 6, 7, 9 | PW69, bithionol |