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Pathway for biosynthesizing astaxanthin. DMAPP: Dimethylallyl diphosphate; GPP: Geranyl pyrophosphate; FPP: Farnesyl pyrophosphate; GGPP: Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; ispA: FPP synthase gene; crtE: GGPP synthase gene; crtB: Phytoene synthase gene; crtI: Carotene desaturase gene; crtY: Lycopene β-cyclase gene; crtZ: β-carotene hydroxylase gene; crtW: β-carotene ketolase gene.
